小結

瑜伽修行者大量的伽馬腦電波活動和伽馬振盪在大腦廣泛區域內產生的共鳴表明了他們所報告的意識品質的全面與廣闊。他們當前的意識（並沒有深陷於對未來的期待或對過去的反思）對痛苦的反應似乎呈現出明顯的倒V形，而瑜伽修行者對此幾乎未表現出預期的反應，並且很快恢復如常。同時，在神經系統方面也有證據表明瑜伽修行者可以毫不費力地集中注意力：只需神經通路稍微將他們的注意力集中在一個選定的物體上，他們幾乎毫不費力就能保持專注。最後，當對別人產生同情心時，瑜伽修行者的大腦和身體的聯繫變得更多，特別是與他們產生情感共鳴的心臟聯繫更緊密。

[1] 答案是apple（蘋果）。

[2] Third Dzogchen Rinpoche, trans. Cortland Dahl, Great Perfection, Volume Two:Separation and Breakthrough (Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications, 2008),p. 181.

[3] F. Ferrarelli et al., “Experienced Mindfulness Meditators Exhibit Higher Parietal-Occipital EEG Gamma Activity during NREM Sleep,” PLoS One 8:8 (2013): e73417; doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073417. 這符合瑜伽修行者所說，我們也十分懷疑會在他們身上發現伽馬振盪（雖然瑜伽修行者在睡眠期間確實會練習培養冥想意識，但我們尚未對他們的睡眠進行研究）。

[4] Antoine Lutz et al., “Long-Term Meditators Self-Induce High-Amplitude Gamma Synchrony During Mental Practice,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101:46 (2004): 16369; http://www.pnas.org/content/101/46/16369.short.

[5] Antoine Lutz et al., “Regulation of the Neural Circuitry of Emotion by Compassion Meditation: Effects of Meditative Expertise,” PLoS One 3:3(2008): e1897; doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001897.

[6] 進行腦部掃描的一週內，初學者每天花20分鐘對所有人產生這種積極狀態。

[7] Lutz et al., “Regulation of the Neural Circuitry of Emotion by Compassion Meditation: Effects of Meditative Expertise.”

[8] Judson Brewer et al., “Meditation Experience Is Associated with Differences in Default Mode Network Activity and Connectivity,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108:50 (2011): 1-6; doi:10.1073/pnas.1112029108.

[9] https://www.freebuddhistaudio.com/texts/meditation/Dilgo_Khyentse_Rinpoche/FBA13_Dilgo_Khyentse_Rinpoche_on_Maha_Ati.pdf

[10] The Third Khamtrul Rinpoche, trans. Gerardo Abboud, The Royal Seal of Mahamudra (Boston: Shamhala, 2014), p. 128.

[11] Anna-Lena Lumma et al., “Is Meditation Always Relaxing? Investigating Heart Rate, Heart Rate Variability, Experienced Effort and Likeability During Training of Three Types of Meditation,” International Journal of Psychophysiology 97 (2015): 38-45.

[12] R. van Lutterveld et al., “Source-Space EEG Neurofeedback Links Subjective Experience with Brain Activity during Effortless Awareness Meditation,”NeuroImage (2016); doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.047.

[13] K. A. Garrison et al., “Effortless Awareness: Using Real Time Neurofeedback to Investigate Correlates of Posterior Cingulate Cortex Activity in Meditators’Self-Report,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7 (August 2013):1-9;doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00440.

[14] Antoine Lutz et al., “BOLD Signal in Insula Is Differentially Related to Cardiac Function during Compassion Meditation in Experts vs.Novices,” NeuroImage 47:3 (2009): 1038-46; http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.04.081.