注釋
Notes
1. 文生．費利帝等，“Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14, no. 4 (1998): 245-58.
1. 艾伯罕．卡迪納，The Traumatic Neuroses of War (New York: P. Hoeber, 1941)。我後來發現有許多探討戰爭創傷的教科書是在兩次大戰前後出版的，但正如艾伯罕．卡迪納在一九四七年所寫：「在過去二十五年當中，戰後神經官能障礙的主題始終受制於眾人的興致與精神病學奇想的善變。大眾不會維持一次大戰後的高度興致，精神病學亦然，因此這些狀況不會促成持續的研究。」
2. 同上，p. 7.
3. 貝塞爾．范德寇，“Adolescent Vulnerability to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder,” Psychiatry 48 (1985): 365-70.
4. 莎拉．哈利，“When the Patient Reports Atrocities: Specific Treatment Considerations of the Vietnam Veteran,” Archives of General Psychiatry 30 (1974): 191-96.
5. 恩尼斯特．哈特曼、貝塞爾．范德寇、M. Oldfield，“A Preliminary Study of the Personality of the Nightmare Sufferer,”《美國精神醫學期刊》138 (1981): 794-97；貝塞爾．范德寇等，“Nightmares and Trauma: Life-long and Traumatic Nightmares in Veterans,” 《美國精神醫學期刊》141 (1984): 187-90.
6. 貝塞爾．范德寇、C. Ducey，“The Psychological Processing of Traumatic Experience: Rorschach Patterns in PTSD,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 2 (1989): 259-74.
7. 創傷記憶不同於正常記憶，比較像是一些感受、情緒、反應、影像的碎片，而且不斷於當下再次經歷。耶魯大學的Dori Laub 和Nanette C. Auerhahn 針對猶太人大屠殺記憶的研究，以及羅倫斯．藍格所著的《大屠殺的親身見證：記憶的廢墟》一書，最重要的就是皮耶．賈內在一八八九年、一八九三年和一九○五年對於創傷記憶本質的描述，這些都幫助我們整理自己所見的事實。介紹記憶的章節也討論了那份研究。
8. D. J. Henderson, “Incest,”《精神醫學綜合教科書》（Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry），弗里曼和卡普蘭合編，第二版 (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1974), 1536.
9. 同上。
10. K. H. Seal等，“Bringing the War Back Home: Mental Health Disorders Among 103,788 U.S. Veterans Returning from Iraq and Afghanistan Seen at Department of Veterans Affairs Facilities,” Archives of Internal Medicine 167, no. 5 (2007): 476-82; C. W. Hoge, J. L. Auchterlonie和C. S. Milliken, “Mental Health Problems, Use of Mental Health Services, and Attrition from Military Service After Returning from Deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan,” Journal of the American Medical Association 295, no. 9 (2006): 1023-32.
11. D. G. Kilpatrick和B. E. Saunders, Prevalence and Consequences of Child Victimization: Results from the National Survey of Adolescents: Final Report (Charleston, SC: National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 1997).
12. 美國衛生及公眾服務部，Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Child Maltreatment 2007, 2009。亦見於美國衛生及公眾服務部，Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children's Bureau, Child Maltreatment 2010, 2011.
1. G. Ross Baker等，“The Canadian Adverse Events Study: The Incidence of Adverse Events among Hospital Patients in Canada,” Canadian Medical Association Journal 170, no. 11 (2004): 1678-86；亞力山大．麥克法蘭等，“Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in a General Psychiatric Inpatient Population,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 14, no. 4 (2001): 633-45; Kim T. Mueser等，“Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Severe Mental Illness,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66, no. 3 (1998): 493; National Trauma Consortium, www.nationaltraumaconsortium.org.
2. 尤金．布魯勒，《早發性痴呆》（Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias）, trans. J. Zinkin (Washington, DC: International Universities Press, 1950), p. 227.
3. L. Grinspoon, J. Ewalt和R. I. Shader, “Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy in Chronic Schizophrenia,” 《美國精神醫學期刊》124, no. 12 (1968): 1645-52。亦見於L. Grinspoon, J. Ewalt和R. I. Shader, Schizophrenia: Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1972).
4. 湯瑪士．殷賽爾，“Neuroscience: Shining Light on Depression,” 《科學》317, no. 5839 (2007): 757-58。亦見於C. M. France, P. H. Lysaker和R. P. Robinson, “The ‘Chemical Imbalance' Explanation for Depression: Origins, Lay Endorsement, and Clinical Implications,” Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 38 (2007): 411-20.
5. B. J. Deacon和J. J. Lickel, “On the Brain Disease Model of Mental Disorders,” Behavior Therapist 32, no. 6 (2009).
6. J. O. Cole等，“Drug Trials in Persistent Dyskinesia (Clozapine),” in Tardive Dyskinesia, Research and Treatment, ed. R. C. Smith, J. M. Davis, and W. E. Fahn (New York: Plenum, 1979).
7. E. F. Torrey, Out of the Shadows: Confronting America's Mental Illness Crisis (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997)。不過，其他因素也同樣重要，例如甘迺迪總統在一九六三年頒布的《社區精神健康法案》（Community Mental Health Act），由聯邦政府負責支付精神健康照顧費，並獎勵各州將精神病患留在社區治療。
8. 美國精神醫學學會術語命名委員會修訂《精神疾病診斷與統計手冊》第三版專案小組 (American Psychiatric Publishing, 1980)。
9. 史帝文．梅爾和馬汀．塞利格曼，“Learned Helplessness: Theory and Evidence,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 105, no. 1 (1976): 3。亦見於塞利格曼、史帝文．梅爾和J. H. Geer，“Alleviation of Learned Helplessness in the Dog,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 73, no. 3 (1968): 256; 及R. L. Jackson, J. H. Alexander和史帝文．梅爾，“Learned Helplessness, Inactivity, and Associative Deficits: Effects of Inescapable Shock on Response Choice Escape Learning,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 6, no. 1 (1980): 1.
10. G. A. Bradshaw和A. N. Schore, “How Elephants Are Opening Doors: Developmental Neuroethology, Attachment and Social Context,” Ethology 113 (2007): 426-36.
11. D. Mitchell, S. Koleszar和R. A. Scopatz, “Arousal and T-Maze Choice Behavior in Mice: A Convergent Paradigm for Neophobia Constructs and Optimal Arousal Theory,” Learning and Motivation 15 (1984): 287-301。亦見於D. Mitchell, E. W. Osborne, 和M. W. O'Boyle, “Habituation Under Stress: Shocked Mice Show Nonassociative Learning in a T-maze,” Behavioral and Neural Biology 43 (1985): 212-17.
12. 貝塞爾．范德寇等，“Inescapable Shock, Neurotransmitters and Addiction to Trauma: Towards a Psychobiology of Post Traumatic Stress,” Biological Psychiatry 20 (1985): 414-25.
13. 克里斯．賀吉斯，《戰爭是一股賦予意義的力量》（War Is a Force That Gives Us Meaning）(New York: Random House Digital, 2003).
14. 貝塞爾．范德寇，“The Compulsion to Repeat Trauma: Revictimization, Attachment and Masochism,” Psychiatric Clinics of North America 12 (1989): 389-411.
15. 羅杰．所羅門，“The Opponent-Process Theory of Acquired Motivation: The Costs of Pleasure and the Benefits of Pain,” American Psychologist 35 (1980): 691-712.
16. 亨利．畢闕，〈戰場傷患的痛苦〉，Annals of Surgery 123, no. 1 (January 1946): 96-105.
17. 貝塞爾．范德寇等，“Pain Perception and Endogenous Opioids in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder,” Psychopharmacology Bulletin 25 (1989): 117-21。亦見於羅傑．皮特曼等，“Naloxone Reversible Stress Induced Analgesia in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder,” Archives of General Psychiatry 47 (1990): 541-47；以及所羅門，“Opponent-Process Theory of Acquired Motivation.”
18. 傑佛瑞．葛雷和N. McNaughton, “The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: Reprise,” in Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (University of Nebraska Press, 1996), 43, 61-134。亦見於C. G. DeYoung 和傑佛瑞．葛雷，“Personality Neuroscience: Explaining Individual Differences in Affect, Behavior, and Cognition,” in The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology (2009) 323-46.
19. M. J. Raleigh等，“Social and Environmental Influences on Blood Serotonin Concentrations in Monkeys,” Archives of General Psychiatry 41 (1984): 505-10.
20. 貝塞爾．范德寇等，“Fluoxetine in Post Traumatic Stress,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (1994): 517-22.
21. 寫給熱愛羅夏克墨漬測驗的讀者：百憂解會使創傷後壓力症患者能以合理、客觀的觀點看待事物。
22. Grace E. Jackson, Rethinking Psychiatric Drugs: A Guide for Informed Consent (AuthorHouse, 2005); Robert Whitaker, Anatomy of an Epidemic: Magic Bullets, Psychiatric Drugs and the Astonishing Rise of Mental Illness in America (New York: Random House, 2011).
23. 第十五章會再次探討這個問題，我們比較百憂解跟眼動減敏與歷程更新療法，眼動減敏與歷程更新療法治療憂鬱症的長期結果優於百憂解，至少在成年期遭受創傷的病人身上是如此。
24. J. M. Zito等，“Psychotropic Practice Patterns for Youth: A 10-Year Perspective,” Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 157 (January 2003): 17-25.
25. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ List_ of_ largest_ selling_ pharmaceutical_ products.
26. Lucette Lagnado, “U.S. Probes Use of Antipsychotic Drugs on Children,” Wall Street Journal, August 11, 2013.
27. Katie Thomas, “J.&J. to Pay $2.2 Billion in Risperdal Settlement,” New York Times, November 4, 2013.
28. M. Olfson等，“Trends in Antipsychotic Drug Use by Very Young, Privately Insured Children,” Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 49, no.1 (2010): 13-23.
29. M. Olfson等，“National Trends in the Outpatient Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Antipsychotic Drugs,” Archives of General Psychiatry 63, no. 6 (2006): 679.
30. A. J. Hall等，“Patterns of Abuse Among Unintentional Pharmaceutical Overdose Fatalities,” Journal of the American Medical Association 300, no. 22 (2008): 2613-20.
31. 過去十年當中，美國聲望最高的專業醫學期刊New England Journal of Medicine 的兩位主編Dr. Marcia Angell和Dr. Arnold Relman都因為製藥業對醫學研究、醫院和醫師有過大的控制權而辭職。Angell和Relman在二○○四年十二月二十八日致信《紐約時報》指出，二○○三年有一家藥廠花費年度總收入的二十八％（超過六十億）於行銷和行政支出，用於研發的經費則是此支出的一半，這家藥廠通常淨收入達三十％。他們的結論是：「醫療專業應該打破對藥廠的依賴，自行教育。」很不幸，這個可能性就跟要政客擺脫贊助選舉活動的金主一樣低。
1. B. Roozendaal, B. S. McEwen和S. Chattarji, “Stress, Memory and the Amygdala,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 10, no. 6 (2009): 423-33.
2. R. Joseph, The Right Brain and the Unconscious (New York: Plenum Press, 1995).
3. 電影《心靈裂痕》（The Assault）根據Harry Mulisch同名小說拍攝，於一九八六年獲得奧斯卡最佳外語片獎，劇中闡述生命早期深刻的情緒印痕對於成年後強烈的情感有很大的影響力。
4. 此即認知行為治療的本質。參見埃德娜．福艾、馬修．傅里德曼和Keane，2000 Treatment Guidelines for PTSD.
1. 羅傑．史貝利，“Changing Priorities,” Annual Review of Neuroscience 4 (1981): 1-15.
2. A. A. Lima等，“The Impact of Tonic Immobility Reaction on the Prognosis of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder,” Journal of Psychiatric Research 44, no. 4 (March 2010): 224-28.
3. 皮耶．賈內，《心理自動性》（L’automatisme psychologique）(Paris: Félix Alcan, 1889).
4. R. R. Llinás, I of the Vortex: From Neurons to Self (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002)。亦見於R. Carter和C. D. Frith, Mapping the Mind (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998); R. Carter, The Human Brain Book (Penguin, 2009)；以及J. J. Ratey, A User's Guide to the Brain (New York: Pantheon Books, 2001), 179.
5. 布魯斯．佩里等，“Childhood Trauma, the Neurobiology of Adaptation, and Use Dependent Development of the Brain: How States Become Traits,” Infant Mental Health Journal 16, no. 4 (1995): 271-91.
6. 感謝故友大衛．賽文薛瑞柏在著作The Instinct to Heal 中首先提出這個區別。
7. E. Goldberg, The Executive Brain: Frontal Lobes and the Civilized Mind (London, Oxford University Press, 2001).
8. G. Rizzolatti和L. Craighero, “The Mirror-Neuron System,” Annual Review of Neuroscience 27 (2004): 169-92。亦見於M. Iacoboni等，“Cortical Mechanisms of Human Imitation,” 《科學》286, no. 5449 (1999): 2526-28; C. Keysers和V. Gazzola, “Social Neuroscience: Mirror Neurons Recorded in Humans,” Current Biology 20, no. 8 (2010): R353-54; J. Decety和P. L. Jackson, “The Functional Architecture of Human Empathy,” Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews 3 (2004): 71-100; M. B. Schippers等，“Mapping the Information Flow from One Brain to Another During Gestural Communication,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107, no. 20 (2010): 9388-93；以及A. N. Meltzoff和J. Decety, “What Imitation Tells Us About Social Cognition: A Rapprochement Between Developmental Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London 358(2003): 491-500
9. Daniel Goleman，《EQ》(Emotional Intelligence, New York: Random House, 2006)。亦見於 V. S. Ramachandran, “Mirror Neurons and Imitation Learning as the Driving Force Behind ‘the Great Leap Forward' in Human Evolution,” Edge (May 31, 2000), http://edge.org/conversation/mirror-neurons-and-imitation-learning-as-the-driving-force-behind-the-great-leap-forward-in-human-evolution (retrieved April 13, 2013).
10. G. M. Edelman和J. A. Gally, “Reentry: A Key Mechanism for Integration of Brain Function,” Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience 7 (2013).
11. 約瑟夫．雷杜克斯，“Rethinking the Emotional Brain,” Neuron 73, no. 4 (2012): 653-76。亦見於J. S. Feinstein等，“The Human Amygdala and the Induction and Experience of Fear,” Current Biology 21, no. 1 (2011): 34-38.
12. 內側前額葉皮質位於腦部中央（神經科學家稱之為中線結構），這個區域包含一團相關的構造：眼眶前額葉皮質、下方及背內側前額葉皮質，還有一個名為前扣帶迴的大塊組織，這些組織都參與監測生物體內部狀態和挑選適當反應的功能。可參見D. Diorio, V. Viau和邁克爾．米尼，“The Role of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex (Cingulate Gyrus) in the Regulation of Hypothalamic Pituitary-Adrenal Responses to Stress,” Journal of Neuroscience 13, no. 9 (September 1993): 3839-47; J. P. Mitchell, M. R. Banaji和C. N. Macrae, “The Link Between Social Cognition and Self-Referential Thought in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, no. 8. (2005): 1306-15; A. D'Argembeau等，“Valuing One's Self: Medial Prefrontal Involvement in Epistemic and Emotive Investments in Self-Views,” Cerebral Cortex 22 (March 2012): 659-67; M. A. Morgan, L. M. Romanski和約瑟夫．雷杜克斯，“Extinction of Emotional Learning: Contribution of Medial Prefrontal Cortex,” Neuroscience Letters 163 (1993): 109-13; L. M. Shin, 史考特．羅許和羅傑．皮特曼，“Amygdala, Medial Prefrontal Cortex, and Hippocampal Function in PTSD,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1071, no. 1 (2006): 67-79；琳達．威廉斯等，“Trauma Modulates Amygdala and Medial Prefrontal Responses to Consciously Attended Fear,” Neuroimage, 29, no. 2 (2006): 347-57; M. Koenig和J. Grafman, “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: The Role of Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Amygdala,” Neuroscientist 15, no. 5 (2009): 540-48; M. R. Milad, I. Vidal-Gonzalez和G. J. Quirk, “Electrical Stimulation of Medial Prefrontal Cortex Reduces Conditioned Fear in a Temporally Specific Manner,” Behavioral Neuroscience 118, no. 2 (2004): 389.
13. 貝塞爾．范德寇，“Clinical Implications of Neuroscience Research in PTSD,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1071 (2006): 277-93.
14. D. MacLean, The Triune Brain in Evolution: Role in Paleocerebral Functions (New York, Springer, 1990).
15. 烏塔．羅倫斯，The Power of Trauma: Conquering Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, iUniverse, 2009.
16. Rita Carter和Christopher D. Frith, Mapping the Mind (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998)。亦見於A. Bechara等，“Insensitivity to Future Consequences Following Damage to Human Prefrontal Cortex,” Cognition 50, no. 1 (1994): 7-15; A. Pascual-Leone等，“The Role of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Implicit Procedural Learning,” Experimental Brain Research 107, no. 3 (1996): 479-85；及S. C. Rao, G. Rainer，和E. K. Miller, “Integration of What and Where in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex,”《科學》276, no. 5313 (1997): 821-24.
17. H. S. Duggal, “New-Onset PTSD After Thalamic Infarct,” 《美國精神醫學期刊》 159, no. 12 (2002): 2113-a。亦見於露絲．拉尼厄斯等，“Neural Correlates of Traumatic Memories in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Functional MRI Investigation,”《美國精神醫學期刊》158, no. 11 (2001): 1920-22; 及I. Liberzon等，“Alteration of Corticothalamic Perfusion Ratios During a PTSD Flashback,” Depression and Anxiety 4, no. 3 (1996): 146-50.
18. R. Noyes Jr.和R. Kletti, “Depersonalization in Response to Life-Threatening Danger,” Comprehensive Psychiatry 18, no. 4 (1977): 375-84。亦見於M. Sierra及 G. E. Berrios, “Depersonalization: Neurobiological Perspectives,” Biological Psychiatry 44, no. 9 (1998): 898-908.
19. D. Church等，“Single-Session Reduction of the Intensity of Traumatic Memories in Abused Adolescents After EFT: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study,” Traumatology 18, no. 3 (2012): 73-79以及D. Feinstein和D. Church, “Modulating Gene Expression Through Psychotherapy: The Contribution of Noninvasive Somatic Interventions,” Review of General Psychology 14, no. 4 (2010): 283-95。亦見於 www.vetcases.com.
1. 達爾文，《人及動物之表情》（The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals） (London: Oxford University Press, 1998).
2. 同上，p.71.
3. 同上。
4. 同上，p. 71-72.
5. P. Ekman, Facial Action Coding System: A Technique for the Measurement of Facial Movement (Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1978)。亦見於C. E. Izard, The Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding System (MAX) (Newark, DE: University of Delaware Instructional Resource Center, 1979).
6. 史蒂芬．伯格斯，The Polyvagal Theory: Neurophysiological Foundations of Emotions, Attachment, Communication, and Self-Regulation, Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology (New York: WW Norton & Company, 2011).
7. 這是史蒂芬．伯格斯和Sue Carter為腹側迷走神經系統所取的名稱，請參見：http://www.pesi.com/bookstore/A_Neural_Love_Code_ _The_Body_s_Need_to_Engage_and_Bond-details.aspx
8. S. S. Tomkins, Affect, Imagery, Consciousness (vol. 1, The Positive Affects) (New York: Springer, 1962); S. S. Tomkin, Affect, Imagery, Consciousness (vol. 2, The Negative Affects) (New York: Springer, 1963).
9. P. Ekman, Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life (New York: Macmillan, 2007); P. Ekman, The Face of Man: Expressions of Universal Emotions in a New Guinea Village (New York: Garland STPM Press, 1980).
10. 例如，B. M. Levinson, “Human/Companion Animal Therapy,” Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy 14, no. 2 (1984): 131-44; D. A. Willis, “Animal Therapy,” Rehabilitation Nursing 22, no. 2 (1997): 78-81；以及A. H. Fine, ed., Handbook on Animal-Assisted Therapy: Theoretical Foundations and Guidelines for Practice (Academic Press, 2010).
11. P. Ekman, R. W. Levenson和W. V. Friesen, “Autonomic Nervous System Activity Distinguishes Between Emotions,”《科學》221 (1983): 1208-10.
12. J. H. Jackson, “Evolution and Dissolution of the Nervous System,” in Selected Writings of John Hughlings Jackson, ed. J. Taylor (London: Stapes Press, 1958), 45-118.
13. 這個寵物店的比喻是伯格斯告訴我的。
14. 史蒂芬．伯格斯，J. A. Doussard-Roosevelt和A. K. Maiti, “Vagal Tone and the Physiological Regulation of Emotion,” in The Development of Emotion Regulation: Biological and Behavioral Considerations, ed. N. A. Fox, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, vol. 59 (2-3, serial no. 240) (1994), 167-86. http://www.amazon.com/The-Development-Emotion-Regulation-Considerations/dp/0226259404).
15. 文生．費利帝等，“Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14, no. 4 (1998): 245-58.
16. 史蒂芬．伯格斯，“Orienting in a Defensive World: Mammalian Modifications of Our Evolutionary Heritage: A Polyvagal Theory,” Psychophysiology 32 (1995): 301-18.
17. 貝塞爾．范德寇，“The Body Keeps the Score: Memory and the Evolving Psychobiology of Posttraumatic Stress,” Harvard Review of Psychiatry 1, no. 5 (1994): 253-65.
1. K. L. Walsh等，“Resiliency Factors in the Relation Between Childhood Sexual Abuse and Adulthood Sexual Assault in College-Age Women,” Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 16, no. 1 (2007): 1-17.
2. 亞力山大．麥克法蘭，“The Long–Term Costs of Traumatic Stress: Intertwined Physical and Psychological Consequences,” World Psychiatry 9, no. 1 (2010): 3-10.
3. 威廉．詹姆斯，〈情緒是什麼〉（What Is an Emotion?） Mind 9: 188-205.
4. R. L. Bluhm等，“Alterations in Default Network Connectivity in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Related to Early-Life Trauma,” Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience 34, no. 3 (2009): 187。亦見於J. K. Daniels等，“Switching Between Executive and Default Mode Networks in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Alterations in Functional Connectivity,” Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience 35, no. 4 (2010): 258.
5. 安東尼歐．達馬吉歐，《感覺發生的事》（The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness）(New York: Hartcourt Brace, 1999). 達馬吉歐其實是說：「意識的發明是為了讓我們能認識生命。」（p. 31）
6. 安東尼歐．達馬吉歐，《感覺發生的事》，p. 28.
7. 同上，p. 29.
8. 安東尼歐．達馬吉歐，Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain (New York, Random House Digital, 2012), 17.
9. 安東尼歐．達馬吉歐，《感覺發生的事》，p. 256.
10. 安東尼歐．達馬吉歐等，“Subcortical and Cortical Brain Activity During the Feeling of Self-Generated Emotions.” Nature Neuroscience 3, vol. 10 (2000): 1049-56.
11. A. A. T. S. Reinders等，“One Brain, Two Selves,” NeuroImage 20 (2003): 2119-25。亦見於艾勒．奈恩黑斯、歐諾．凡德赫特和凱西．斯帝爾，“The Emerging Psychobiology of Trauma-Related Dissociation and Dissociative Disorders,” in Biological Psychiatry, vol. 2., eds. H. A. H. D'Haenen, J. A. den Boer, and P. Willner (West Sussex, UK: Wiley 2002), 1079-198; J. Parvizi 和安東尼歐．達馬吉歐，“Consciousness and the Brain Stem,” Cognition 79 (2001): 135-59; 法藍克．普特南，“Dissociation and Disturbances of Self,” in Dysfunctions of the Self, vol. 5, eds. D. Cicchetti and S. L. Toth (New York: University of Rochester Press, 1994), 251-65；以及法藍克．普特南，Dissociation in Children and Adolescents: A Developmental Perspective (New York: Guilford, 1997).
12. A. D'Argembeau等，“Distinct Regions of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Are Associated with Self-Referential Processing and Perspective Taking,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 6 (2007): 935-44。亦見於N. A. Farb等，“Attending to the Present: Mindfulness Meditation Reveals Distinct Neural Modes of Self-Reference,” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2, no. 4 (2007): 313-22；以及布麗塔．霍澤爾等，“Investigation of Mindfulness Meditation Practitioners with Voxel-Based Morphometry,” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 3, no. 1 (2008): 55-61.
13. 彼得．列文，《創傷療癒：十二階段解除創傷制約》（Healing Trauma: A Pioneering Program for Restoring the Wisdom of Your Body）(Berkeley: North Atlantic Books, 2008)；以及彼得．列文，《解鎖：創傷療癒地圖》（In an Unspoken Voice: How the Body Releases Trauma and Restores Goodness）(Berkeley: North Atlantic Books, 2010).
14. 佩特．奧古登和and K. Minton, “Sensorimotor Psychotherapy: One Method for Processing Traumatic Memory,” Traumatology 6, no. 3 (2000): 149-73；以及佩特．奧古登、K. Minton和C. Pain, Trauma and the Body: A Sensorimotor Approach to Psychotherapy, Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology (New York: WW Norton & Company, 2006).
15. D. A. Bakal, Minding the Body: Clinical Uses of Somatic Awareness (New York: Guilford Press, 2001).
16. 現在有太多針對這個主題的研究。更深入研究的小型樣本：J. Wolfe等，“Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and War-Zone Exposure as Correlates of Perceived Health in Female Vietnam War Veterans,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 62, no. 6 (1994): 1235-40; L. A. Zoellner, M. L. Goodwin, 和埃德娜．福艾，“PTSD Severity and Health Perceptions in Female Victims of Sexual Assault,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 13, no. 4 (2000): 635-49; E. M. Sledjeski, B. Speisman,和L. C. Dierker, “Does Number of Lifetime Traumas Explain the Relationship Between PTSD and Chronic Medical Conditions? Answers from the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication (NCS-R),” Journal of Behavioral Medicine 31 (2008): 341-49; J. A. Boscarino, “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Physical Illness: Results from Clinical and Epidemiologic Studies,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1032 (2004): 141-53; M. Cloitre等，“Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Extent of Trauma Exposure as Correlates of Medical Problems and Perceived Health Among Women with Childhood Abuse,” Women & Health 34, no. 3 (2001): 1-17; D. Lauterbach, R. Vora,和M. Rakow, “The Relationship Between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Self-Reported Health Problems,” Psychosomatic Medicine 67, no. 6 (2005): 939-47; B. S. McEwen, “Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators,” New England Journal of Medicine 338, no. 3 (1998): 171-79; P. P. Schnurr和B. L. Green, Trauma and Health: Physical Health Consequences of Exposure to Extreme Stress (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2004).
17. 潘妮洛普．崔克特、J. G. Noll和法藍克．普特南, “The Impact of Sexual Abuse on Female Development: Lessons from a Multigenerational, Longitudinal Research Study,” Development and Psychopathology 23, no. 2 (2011): 453.
18. K. Kosten和F. Giller Jr., ”Alexithymia as a Predictor of Treatment Response in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 5, no. 4 (October 1992): 563-73.
19. G. J. Taylor和R. M. Bagby, “New Trends in Alexithymia Research,” Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 73, no. 2 (2004): 68-77.
20. R. D. Lane等，“Impaired Verbal and Nonverbal Emotion Recognition in Alexithymia,” Psychosomatic Medicine 58, no. 3 (1996): 203-10.
21. 亨利．克利斯多和約翰．克利斯多，Integration and Self-Healing: Affect, Trauma, Alexithymia (New York: Analytic Press, 1988).
22. 保羅．弗瑞文等，“Clinical and Neural Correlates of Alexithymia in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 117, no. 1 (2008): 171-81.
23. D. Finkelhor, R. K. Ormrod和H. A. Turner. “Re-Victimization Patterns in a National Longitudinal Sample of Children and Youth,” Child Abuse & Neglect 31, no. 5 (2007): 479-502; J. A. Schumm, S. E. Hobfoll和N. J. Keogh, “Revictimization and Interpersonal Resource Loss Predicts PTSD Among Women in Substance-Use Treatment,” Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, no. 2 (2004): 173-81; J. D. Ford, J. D. Elhai, D. F. Connor和B. C. Frueh, “Poly-Victimization and Risk of Posttraumatic, Depressive, and Substance Use Disorders and Involvement in Delinquency in a National Sample of Adolescents,” Journal of Adolescent Health, 46, no. 6 (2010): 545-52.
24. 保羅．施爾德，“Depersonalization,” in Introduction to a Psychoanalytic Psychiatry, no. 50 (New York: International Universities Press, 196), p. 120.
25. S. Arzy等，“Neural Mechanisms of Embodiment: Asomatognosia Due to Premotor Cortex Damage,” Archives of Neurology 63, no. 7 (2006): 1022-25。亦見於S. Arzy等，“Induction of an Illusory Shadow Person,” Nature 443, no. 7109 (2006): 287; S. Arzy等，“Neural Basis of Embodiment: Distinct Contributions of Temporoparietal Junction and Extrastriate Body Area,” Journal of Neuroscience 26, no. 31 (2006): 8074-81; O. Blanke等，“Out-of-Body Experience and Autoscopy of Neurological Origin,” Brain 127, part 2 (2004): 243-58；以及M. Sierra等，“Unpacking the Depersonalization Syndrome: An Exploratory Factor Analysis on the Cambridge Depersonalization Scale,” Psychological Medicine 35 (2005): 1523-32.
26. A. A. T. Reinders等，“Psychobiological Characteristics of Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Symptom Provocation Study,” Biological Psychiatry 60, no. 7 (2006): 730-40.
27. Eugene Gendlin在所著的Focusing這本書中自創「深感」（felt sense）這個詞：「深感不是心理的經驗而是身體經驗，從身體意識到某個情況或人或事。」Focusing (New York, Random House Digital, 1982).
28. C. Steuwe等，“Effect of Direct Eye Contact in PTSD Related to Interpersonal Trauma: An fMRI Study of Activation of an Innate Alarm System,” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 9, no. 1 (January 2012): 88-97.
1. N. Murray, E. Koby和貝塞爾．范德寇，“The Effects of Abuse on Children's Thoughts,” chapter 4 in Psychological Trauma (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1987).
2. 研究依附的學者瑪麗．緬恩對六歲的孩子們講的故事開頭是有一個小孩的媽媽離開他了，然後緬恩請孩子們幫忙編出接下去的故事。大部分六歲兒童如果嬰兒時期與母親關係穩固，想像出的故事就會有美好的結局，而如果這個孩子五年前被歸類為依附關係混亂，就容易幻想出悲慘的情節，經常做出害怕的回應，諸如：「他們的父母會死掉」或「這個小朋友會自殺」。出自瑪麗．緬恩、Nancy Kaplan和Jude Cassidy，“Security in Infancy, Childhood, and Adulthood: A Move to the Level of Representation,” Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development (1985).
3. 約翰．鮑比，Attachment and Loss, vol. 1, Attachment (New York Random House, 1969)；約翰．鮑比，Attachment and Loss, vol. 2, Separation: Anxiety and Anger (New York: Penguin, 1975)；約翰．鮑比，Attachment and Loss, vol. 3, Loss: Sadness and Depression (New York: Basic, 1980)；約翰．鮑比，“The Nature of the Child's Tie to His Mother 1,” International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 1958, 39, 350-73.
4. 克爾文．崔法頓，“Musicality and the Intrinsic Motive Pulse: Evidence from Human Psychobiology and Rhythms, Musical Narrative, and the Origins of Human Communication,” Muisae Scientiae, special issue, 1999, 157-213.
5. A. Gopnik和A. N. Meltzoff, Words, Thoughts, and Theories (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1997); A. N. Meltzoff和M. K. Moore, “Newborn Infants Imitate Adult Facial Gestures,” Child Development 54, no. 3 (June 1983): 702-9; A. Gopnik, A. N. Meltzoff和P. K. Kuhl, The Scientist in the Crib: Minds, Brains, and How Children Learn (New York: HarperCollins, 2009).
6. 愛德華．特羅尼克，“Emotions and Emotional Communication in Infants,” American Psychologist 44, no. 2 (1989): 112。亦見於愛德華．特羅尼克，The Neurobehavioral and Social-Emotional Development of Infants and Children (New York, WW Norton & Company, 2007);愛德華．特羅尼克和M. Beeghly, “Infants' Meaning-Making and the Development of Mental Health Problems,” American Psychologist 66, no. 2 (2011): 107；以及A. V. Sravish等，“Dyadic Flexibility During the Face-to-Face Still-Face Paradigm: A Dynamic Systems Analysis of Its Temporal Organization,” Infant Behavior and Development 36, no. 3 (2013): 432-37.
7. 瑪麗．緬恩，“Overview of the Field of Attachment,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 64, no. 2 (1996): 237-43.
8. 唐諾．溫尼考特，Playing and Reality (New York: Psychology Press, 1971)。亦見於唐諾．溫尼考特，“The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment,” (1965)；以及唐諾．溫尼考特，Through Paediatrics to Psycho-analysis: Collected Papers (New York: Brunner/ Mazel, 1975).
9. 第六章曾提到並且達馬吉歐也已說明，這個內在事實的感覺至少有一部分源自腦島，這個腦部結構在身心溝通中扮演核心要角，長期創傷的人，這個構造通常是受損的。
10. 唐諾．溫尼考特，Primary Maternal Preoccupation (London: Tavistock, 1956), 300-05.
11. 賽斯．波拉克等，“Recognizing Emotion in Faces: Developmental Effects of Child Abuse and Neglect,” Developmental Psychology 36, no. 5 (2000): 679.
12. P. M. Crittenden, “IV Peering into the Black Box: An Exploratory Treatise on the Development of Self in Young Children,” Disorders and Dysfunctions of the Self 5 (1994): 79; P. M. Crittenden和A. Landini, Assessing Adult Attachment: A Dynamic-Maturational Approach to Discourse Analysis (New York: WW Norton & Company, 2011).
13. Patricia M. Crittenden, “Children's Strategies for Coping with Adverse Home Environments: An Interpretation Using Attachment Theory,” Child Abuse & Neglect 16, no. 3 (1992): 329-43.
14. 緬恩，1990，同前引書。
15. 緬恩，1990，同前引書。
16. 同上。
17. E. Hesse和緬恩，“Frightened, Threatening, and Dissociative Parental Behavior in Low-Risk Samples: Description, Discussion, and Interpretations,” Development and Psychopathology 18, no. 2 (2006): 309-43。亦見於E. Hesse 和緬恩，“Disorganized Infant, Child, and Adult Attachment: Collapse in Behavioral and Attentional Strategies,” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 48, no. 4 (2000): 1097-127.
18. 緬恩，“Overview of the Field of Attachment”，同前引書。
19. Hesse和緬恩，1995, op cit, p. 310.
20. 第五章討論「沒有害怕的麻木」時，是從生物的觀點檢視這個現象。史蒂芬．伯格斯，“Orienting in a Defensive World: Mammalian Modifications of Our Evolutionary Heritage: A Polyvagal Theory,” Psychophysiology 32 (1995): 301-18.
21. M. H. van Ijzendoorn, C. Schuengel和M. Bakermans-Kranenburg, “Disorganized Attachment in Early Childhood: Meta-analysis of Precursors, Concomitants, and Sequelae,” Development and Psychopathology 11 (1999): 225-49.
22. Ijzendoorn，同前引書。
23. N. W. Boris, M. Fueyo和C. H. Zeanah, “The Clinical Assessment of Attachment in Children Under Five,” Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, no. 2 (1997): 291-93; K. Lyons-Ruth, “Attachment Relationships Among Children with Aggressive Behavior Problems: The Role of Disorganized Early Attachment Patterns,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, no. 1 (1996), 64.
24. 史蒂芬．伯格斯等，“Infant Regulation of the Vagal ‘Brake' Predicts Child Behavior Problems: A Psychobiological Model of Social Behavior,” Developmental Psychobiology 29, no. 8 (1996): 697-712.
25. Louise Hertsgaard等，“Adrenocortical Responses to the Strange Situation in Infants with Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment Relationships,” Child Development 66, no. 4 (1995): 1100-6; Gottfried Spangler和 Klaus E. Grossmann, “Biobehavioral Organization in Securely and Insecurely Attached Infants,” Child Development 64, no. 5 (1993): 1439-50.
26. 緬恩和Hesse, 1990，同前引書。
27. M. H. van Ijzendoorn等，“Disorganized Attachment in Early Childhood,” 同前引書。
28. 畢翠絲．畢比和F. M. Lachmann, Infant Research and Adult Treatment: Co-constructing Interactions (New York: Routledge, 2013)；畢翠絲．畢比，F. Lachmann和J. Jaffe (1997), Mother-Infant Interaction Structures and Presymbolic Self– and Object Representations. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 7, no. 2 (1997): 133-82.
29. 芮秋．耶胡達等，“Vulnerability to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adult Offspring of Holocaust Survivors,”《美國精神醫學期刊》155, no. 9 (1998): 1163-71。亦見於芮秋．耶胡達等，“Relationship Between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Characteristics of Holocaust Survivors and Their Adult Offspring,” 《美國精神醫學期刊》155, no. 6 (1998): 841-43；芮秋．耶胡達等，“Parental Posttraumatic Stress Disorder as a Vulnerability Factor for Low Cortisol Trait in Offspring of Holocaust Survivors,” Archives of General Psychiatry 64, no. 9 (2007): 1040。以及芮秋．耶胡達等，“Maternal, Not Paternal, PTSD Is Related to Increased Risk for PTSD in Offspring of Holocaust Survivors,” Journal of Psychiatric Research 42, no. 13 (2008): 1104-11.
30. 芮秋．耶胡達等，“Transgenerational Effects of PTSD in Babies of Mothers Exposed to the WTC Attacks During Pregnancy,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 90 (2005): 4115-18.
31. 葛倫．薩克斯等，“Relationship Between Acute Morphine and the Course of PTSD in Children with Burns,” Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 40, no. 8 (2001): 915-21。亦見於葛倫．薩克斯等，“Pathways to PTSD, Part I: Children with Burns,”《美國精神醫學期刊》162, no. 7 (2005): 1299-304.
32. 克勞德．切姆托勃、Y. Nomura和R. A. Abramovitz, “Impact of Conjoined Exposure to the World Trade Center Attacks and to Other Traumatic Events on the Behavioral Problems of Preschool Children,” Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 162, no. 2 (2008): 126。亦見於P. J. Landrigan等，“Impact of September 11 World Trade Center Disaster on Children and Pregnant Women,” Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine 75, no. 2 (2008): 129-34.
33. D. Finkelhor, R. K. Ormrod和H. A. Turner, “Polyvictimization and Trauma in a National Longitudinal Cohort,” Development and Psychopathology 19, no. 1 (2007): 149-66; J. D. Ford等人，Polyvictimization and Risk of Posttraumatic, Depressive, and Substance Use Disorders and Involvement in Delinquency in a National Sample of Adolescents,” Journal of Adolescent Health 46, no. 6 (2010): 545-52; J. D. Ford等，“Clinical Significance of a Proposed Development Trauma Disorder Diagnosis: Results of an International Survey of Clinicians,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 74, no. 8 (2013): 841-49.
34. Family Pathways Project, http://www.challiance.org/academics/familypathwaysproject.aspx.
35. 卡琳．萊昂茲－盧斯和D. Block, “The Disturbed Caregiving System: Relations Among Childhood Trauma, Maternal Caregiving, and Infant Affect and Attachment,” Infant Mental Health Journal 17, no. 3 (1996): 257-75.
36. 卡琳．萊昂茲－盧斯，“The Two-Person Construction of Defenses: Disorganized Attachment Strategies, Unintegrated Mental States, and Hostile/Helpless Relational Processes,” Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy 2 (2003): 105.
37. G. Whitmer, “On the Nature of Dissociation,” Psychoanalytic Quarterly 70, no. 4 (2001): 807-37。亦見於卡琳．萊昂茲－盧斯，“The Two-Person Construction of Defenses: Disorganized Attachment Strategies, Unintegrated Mental States, and Hostile/ Helpless Relational Processes,” Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy 2, no. 4 (2002): 107-19.
38. 瑪麗．安斯渥斯和約翰．鮑比，“An Ethological Approach to Personality Development,” American Psychologist 46, no. 4 (April 1991): 333-41.
39. 卡琳．萊昂茲－盧斯和D. Jacobvitz, 1999；緬恩，1993；卡琳．萊昂茲－盧斯，“Dissociation and the Parent-Infant Dialogue: A Longitudinal Perspective from Attachment Research,” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 51, no. 3 (2003): 883-911.
40. L. Dutra等，“Quality of Early Care and Childhood Trauma: A Prospective Study of Developmental Pathways to Dissociation,” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 197, no. 6 (2009): 383。亦見於卡琳．萊昂茲－盧斯等，“Borderline Symptoms and Suicidality/Self-Injury in Late Adolescence: Prospectively Observed Relationship Correlates in Infancy and Childhood,” Psychiatry Research 206, nos. 2-3 (April 30, 2013): 273-81.
41. 針對依附紊亂和童年虐待的相關性影響所做的整合分析，請見C. Schuengel等，“Frightening Maternal Behavior Linking Unresolved Loss and Disorganized Infant Attachment,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 67, no. 1 (1999): 54.
42. 卡琳．萊昂茲－盧斯和D. Jacobvitz, “Attachment Disorganization: Genetic Factors, Parenting Contexts, and Developmental Transformation from Infancy to Adulthood,” in Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications, 2nd ed., ed. J. Cassidy和R. Shaver (New York: Guilford Press, 2008), 666-97。亦見於E. O'connor等，“Risks and Outcomes Associated with Disorganized/Controlling Patterns of Attachment at Age Three Years in the National Institute of Child Health & Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development,” Infant Mental Health Journal 32, no. 4 (2011): 450-72，以及卡琳．萊昂茲－盧斯等，“Borderline Symptoms and Suicidality/Self-Injury.
43. 此時我們幾乎沒有什麼資訊可了解是哪些因素影響這些早期管控異常的發展，不過，期間發生的事件、其他人際關係的品質，甚至是遺傳基因的因素，都可能經年累月造成修改。顯然最關鍵的重點是研究有早年受虐和忽視史的兒童在父母持續和專注的養育下，可以重新整理生物系統到何種程度。
44. E. Warner等，“Can the Body Change the Score? Application of Sensory Modulation Principles in the Treatment of Traumatized Adolescents in Residential Settings,” Journal of Family Violence 28, no. 7 (2003): 729-38.
1. 奧登，The Double Man (New York: Random House, 1941).
2. 史考特．威爾森等，“Phenotype of Blood Lymphocytes in PTSD Suggests Chronic Immune Activation,” Psychosomatics 40, no. 3 (1999): 222-25。亦見於M. Uddin等，“Epigenetic and Immune Function Profiles Associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107, no. 20 (2010): 9470-75; M. Altemus, M. Cloitre和F. S. Dhabhar, “Enhanced Cellular Immune Response in Women with PTSD Related to Childhood Abuse,” 《美國精神醫學期刊》160, no. 9 (2003): 1705-7；以及N. Kawamura, Y. Kim 和N. Asukai, “Suppression of Cellular Immunity in Men with a Past History of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” 《美國精神醫學期刊》158, no. 3 (2001): 484-86.
3. R. Summit, “The Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome,” Child Abuse & Neglect 7 (1983): 177-93.
4. 瑞士洛桑大學（Université de Lausanne）運用功能性磁振造影進行一項研究，顯示出如果一個人有這種靈魂出竅的經驗，感覺像是從天花板看著自己，就是在活化腦部的上側顳葉皮質（superior temporal cortex）。O. Blanke等，“Linking Out-of-Body Experience and Self Processing to Mental Own-Body Imagery at the Temporoparietal Junction,” Journal of Neuroscience 25, no. 3 (2005): 550-57。亦見於O. Blanke和T. Metzinger, “ Full-Body Illusions and Minimal Phenomenal Selfhood,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 13, no. 1 (2009): 7-13.
5. 成年人用兒童達到性滿足，這個孩子勢必陷入混淆的處境和忠誠度的衝突中：若揭發虐待之事，就會背叛且傷害加害人（這個孩子可能要仰賴這名成年人以獲得安全和保護）；但若是隱瞞虐待事件，就是加重自己的羞恥和脆弱。最先提出這種兩難的是Sándor Ferenczi 在一九三三年發表的文章“The Confusion of Tongues Between the Adult and the Child: The Language of Tenderness and the Language of Passion,” International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 30 no. 4 (1949): 225-30，後續又有許多作者探討這個議題。
1. Gary Greenberg, The Book of Woe: The DSM and the Unmaking of Psychiatry (New York: Penguin, 2013).
2. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ diagnosis.
3. 這份「創傷前置事件問卷」可在創傷中心網站上取得。網址：www.traumacenter.org/ products/instruments.php.
4. 朱蒂斯．赫曼、克里斯．佩里和貝塞爾．范德寇，“Childhood Trauma in Borderline Personality Disorder,”《美國精神醫學期刊》146, no. 4 (April 1989): 490-95.
5. 泰契爾發現眼眶額葉皮質裡面發生重大變化，而腦部的這個區域關係著做決定以及管控跟社會需求的敏感度有關的行為。泰契爾等，“The Neurobiological Consequences of Early Stress and Childhood Maltreatment,” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 27, no. 1 (2003): 33-44。亦見於泰契爾，“Scars That Won't Heal: The Neurobiology of Child Abuse,”《美國科學人》雜誌286, no. 3 (2002): 54-61；泰契爾等，“Sticks, Stones, and Hurtful Words: Relative Effects of Various Forms of Childhood Maltreatment,”《美國精神醫學期刊》163, no. 6 (2006): 993-1000; A. Bechara等，“Insensitivity to Future Consequences Following Damage to Human Prefrontal Cortex,” Cognition 50 (1994): 7-15。腦部這個區域的損傷會造成大量咒罵、社交互動差、強迫性賭博、過度使用酒精和毒品、同理能力差。M. L. Kringelbach和E. T. Rolls, “The Functional Neuroanatomy of the Human Orbitofrontal Cortex: Evidence from Neuroimaging and Neuropsychology,” Progress in Neurobiology 72 (2004): 341-72。泰契爾指出的另一個問題區域就是楔前葉，這個區域涉及了解自己和能夠看出自己的知覺可能與別人不同。A. E. Cavanna和M. R. Trimble “The Precuneus: A Review of Its Functional Anatomy and Behavioural Correlates,” Brain 129 (2006): 564-83.
6. S. Roth等，“Complex PTSD in Victims Exposed to Sexual and Physical Abuse: Results from the DSM-IV Field Trial for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 10 (1997): 539-55；貝塞爾．范德寇等，“Dissociation, Somatization, and Affect Dysregulation: The Complexity of Adaptation to Trauma,” 《美國精神醫學期刊》153 (1996): 83-93; D. Pelcovitz等，“Development of a Criteria Set and a Structured Interview for Disorders of Extreme Stress (SIDES),” Journal of Traumatic Stress 10 (1997): 3-16; S. N. Ogata等，“Childhood Sexual and Physical Abuse in Adult Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder,”《美國精神醫學期刊》147 (1990): 1008-1013; M. C. Zanarini等，“Axis I Comorbidity of Borderline Personality Disorder,”《美國精神醫學期刊》155, no. 12. (December 1998): 1733-39; S. L. Shearer等，“Frequency and Correlates of Childhood Sexual and Physical Abuse Histories in Adult Female Borderline Inpatients,”《美國精神醫學期刊》147 (1990): 214-16; D. Westen等，“Physical and Sexual Abuse in Adolescent Girls with Borderline Personality Disorder,” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 60 (1990): 55-66; M. C. Zanarini等，“Reported Pathological Childhood Experiences Associated with the Development of Borderline Personality Disorder,”《美國精神醫學期刊》154 (1997): 1101-06.
7. 約翰．鮑比，A Secure Base: Parent-Child Attachment and Healthy Human Development (New York: Basic Books, 2008), 103.
8. 貝塞爾．范德寇，克里斯．佩里和朱蒂斯．赫曼，“Childhood Origins of Self-Destructive Behavior,” 《美國精神醫學期刊》148 (1991): 1665-71.
9. 神經科學家雅克．潘克沙普的研究為這個觀念提供更進一步支持，他發現幼鼠出生後第一週若未經母鼠舔身，牠們的前扣帶迴皮質就不會發展出鴉片類受體（opioid receptors），腦部的前扣帶迴皮質是與安全感和隸屬有關的區域。請見 E. E. Nelson和雅克．潘克沙普，“Brain Substrates of Infant-Mother Attachment: Contributions of Opioids, Oxytocin, and Norepinephrine,” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 22, no. 3 (1998): 437-52。亦見於雅克．潘克沙普等，“Endogenous Opioids and Social Behavior,” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 4, no. 4 (1981): 473-87；以及雅克．潘克沙普、E. Nelson和S. Siviy, “Brain Opioids and Mother-Infant Social Motivation,” Acta paediatrica 83, no. 397 (1994): 40-46.
10. 一起去找羅伯．史畢哲的人還包括朱蒂斯．赫曼、Jim Chu和David Pelcovitz。
11. 貝塞爾．范德寇等，“Disorders of Extreme Stress: The Empirical Foundation of a Complex Adaptation to Trauma,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 18, no. 5 (2005): 389-99。亦見於朱蒂斯．赫曼，“Complex PTSD: A Syndrome in Survivors of Prolonged and Repeated Trauma,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 5, no. 3 (1992): 377-91; C. Zlotnick等，“The Long-Term Sequelae of Sexual Abuse: Support for a Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 9, no. 2 (1996): 195-205; S. Roth等，“Complex PTSD in Victims Exposed to Sexual and Physical Abuse: Results from the DSM–IV Field Trial for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 10, no. 4 (1997): 539-55；以及D. Pelcovitz等，“Development and Validation of the Structured Interview for Measurement of Disorders of Extreme Stress,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 10 (1997): 3-16.
12. B. C. Stolbach等，“Complex Trauma Exposure and Symptoms in Urban Traumatized Children: A Preliminary Test of Proposed Criteria for Developmental Trauma Disorder,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 26, no. 4 (August 2013): 483-91.
13. 貝塞爾．范德寇等，“Dissociation, Somatization and Affect Dysregulation: The Complexity of Adaptation to Trauma,” 《美國精神醫學期刊》153, suppl (1996): 83-93。亦見於D. G. Kilpatrick等，“Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Field Trial: Evaluation of the PTSD Construct—Criteria A Through E,” in: DSM-IV Sourcebook, vol. 4 (Washington: American Psychiatric Press, 1998), 803-44; T. Luxenberg，約瑟夫．史畢納左拉和貝塞爾．范德寇，“Complex Trauma and Disorders of Extreme Stress (DESNOS) Diagnosis, Part One: Assessment,” Directions in Psychiatry 21, no. 25 (2001): 373-92；以及貝塞爾．范德寇等，“Disorders of Extreme Stress: The Empirical Foundation of a Compex Adaptation to Trauma,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 18, no. 5 (2005): 389-99.
14. 這些問題都可以在ACE網站上找到，網址：http://acestudy.org/.
15. http:// www.cdc.gov/ace/findings.htm; http://acestudy.org/download；文生．費利帝等，“Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14, no. 4 (1998): 245-58。亦見於R. Reading, “The Enduring Effects of Abuse and Related Adverse Experiences in Childhood: A Convergence of Evidence from Neurobiology and Epidemiology,” Child: Care, Health and Development 32, no. 2 (2006): 253-56; V. J. Edwards等，“Experiencing Multiple Forms of Childhood Maltreatment and Adult Mental Health: Results from the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study,” 《美國精神醫學期刊》160, no. 8 (2003): 1453-60; S. R. Dube等，“Adverse Childhood Experiences and Personal Alcohol Abuse as an Adult,” Addictive Behaviors 27, no. 5 (2002): 713-25; S. R.和S. R. Dube等，“Childhood Abuse, Neglect, and Household Dysfunction and the Risk of Illicit Drug Use: The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study,” Pediatrics 111, no. 3 (2003): 564-72.
16. S. A. Strassels, “Economic Burden of Prescription Opioid Misuse and Abuse,” Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy 15, no. 7 (2009): 556-62.
17. C. B. Nemeroff等，“Differential Responses to Psychotherapy Versus Pharmacotherapy in Patients with Chronic Forms of Major Depression and Childhood Trauma,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100, no. 24 (2003): 14293-96。亦見於C. Heim, P. M. Plotsky和C. B. Nemeroff, “Importance of Studying the Contributions of Early Adverse Experience to Neurobiological Findings in Depression,” Neuropsychopharmacology 29, no. 4 (2004): 641-48.
18. B. E. Carlson, “Adolescent Observers of Marital Violence,” Journal of Family Violence 5, no. 4 (1990): 285-99。亦見於B. E. Carlson, “Children's Observations of Interparental Violence,” in Battered Women and Their Families, ed. A. R. Roberts (New York: Springer, 1984), 147-67; J. L. Edleson, “Children's Witnessing of Adult Domestic Violence,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 14, no. 8 (1999): 839-70; K. Henning等，“ Long-Term Psychological and Social Impact of Witnessing Physical Conflict Between Parents,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 11, no. 1 (1996): 35-51; E. N. Jouriles, C. M. Murphy和D. O'Leary, “Interpersonal Aggression, Marital Discord, and Child Problems,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 57, no. 3 (1989): 453-55; J. R. Kolko, E. H. Blakely和D. Engelman, “Children Who Witness Domestic Violence: A Review of Empirical Literature,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 11, no. 2 (1996): 281-93；以及J. Wolak和D. Finkelhor, “Children Exposed to Partner Violence,” in Partner Violence: A Comprehensive Review of 20 Years of Research, ed. J. L. Jasinski and L. Williams (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1998).
19. 這些陳述大多是根據與文生．費利帝的談話內容，並由J. E. Stevens闡述而成，“The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study—the Largest Public Health Study You Never Heard Of,” Huffington Post, October 8, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jane-ellen-stevens/the-adverse-childhood-exp_1_b_1943647.html.
20. 族群可歸因危險性（Population attributable risk）：在某一問題的人口占整體人口的比例，而這群人的問題可歸因於具體危險因子。
21. National Cancer Institute, “Nearly 800,000 Deaths Prevented Due to Declines in Smoking” (press release), March 14, 2012，可參閱網站：http://www.cancer.gov/newscenter/newsfromnci/2012/TobaccoControlCISNET.
1. 這些都是發展性創傷症現場試驗的其中一部分，由Julian Ford、約瑟夫．史畢納左拉和我共同執行。
2. H. J. Williams, M. J. Owen和M. C. O'Donovan, “Schizophrenia Genetics: New Insights from New Approaches,” British Medical Bulletin 91 (2009): 61-74。亦見於P. V. Gejman, A. R. Sanders和K. S. Kendler, “Genetics of Schizophrenia: New Findings and Challenges,” Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 12 (2011): 121-44；以及A. Sanders等，“No Significant Association of 14 Candidate Genes with Schizophrenia in a Large European Ancestry Sample: Implications for Psychiatric Genetics,”《美國精神醫學期刊》165, no. 4 (April 2008): 497-506.
3. 芮秋．耶胡達等，“Putative Biological Mechanisms for the Association Between Early Life Adversity and the Subsequent Development of PTSD,” Psychopharmacology 212, no. 3 (October 2010): 405-17; K. C. Koenen, “Genetics of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Review and Recommendations for Future Studies,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 20, no. 5 (October 2007): 737-50; M. W. Gilbertson等，“Smaller Hippocampal Volume Predicts Pathologic Vulnerability to Psychological Trauma,” Nature Neuroscience 5 (2002): 1242-47.
4. Koenen, “Genetics of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.”亦見於R. F. P. Broekman, M. Olff和F. Boer, “The Genetic Background to PTSD,” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 31, no. 3 (2007): 348-62.
5. 邁克爾．米尼和A. C. Ferguson-Smith, “Epigenetic Regulation of the Neural Transcriptome: The Meaning of the Marks,” Nature Neuroscience 13, no. 11 (2010): 1313-18。亦見於邁克爾．米尼，“Epigenetics and the Biological Definition of Gene × Environment Interactions,” Child Development 81, no. 1 (2010): 41-79；以及B. M. Lester等，“Behavioral Epigenetics,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1226, no. 1 (2011): 14-33.
6. 默士．史濟夫，“The Early Life Social Environment and DNA Methylation: DNA Methylation Mediating the Long-Term Impact of Social Environments Early in Life,” Epigenetics 6, no. 8 (2011): 971-78.
7. 默士．史濟夫，Patrick McGowan和邁克爾．米尼，“The Social Environment and the Epigenome,” Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 49, no. 1 (2008): 46-60.
8. 如今已有太多證據指出各種生活經驗會改變基因表現，例如：D. Mehta等，“Childhood Maltreatment Is Associated with Distinct Genomic and Epigenetic Profiles in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110, no. 20 (2013): 8302-7; P. O. McGowan等，“Epigenetic Regulation of the Glucocorticoid Receptor in Human Brain Associates with Childhood Abuse,” Nature Neuroscience 12, no. 3 (2009): 342-48; M. N. Davies等，“Functional Annotation of the Human Brain Methylome Identifies Tissue-Specific Epigenetic Variation Across Brain and Blood,” Genome Biology 13, no. 6 (2012): R43; M. Gunnar and K. Quevedo, “The Neurobiology of Stress and Development,” Annual Review of Psychology 58 (2007): 145-73; A. Sommershof等，“Substantial Reduction of Naïve and Regulatory T Cells Following Traumatic Stress,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 23, no. 8 (2009): 1117-24; N. Provençal等，“The Signature of Maternal Rearing in the Methylome in Rhesus Macaque Prefrontal Cortex and T Cells,” Journal of Neuroscience 32, no. 44 (2012): 15626-42; B. Labonté等，“ Genome-wide Epigenetic Regulation by Early-Life Trauma,” Archives of General Psychiatry 69, no. 7 (2012): 722-31; A. K. Smith等，“Differential Immune System DNA Methylation and Cytokine Regulation in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder,” American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics 156B, no. 6 (2011): 700-08; M. Uddin等，“Epigenetic and Immune Function Profiles Associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107, no. 20 (2010): 9470-75.
9. C. S. Barr等，“The Utility of the Non–human Primate Model for Studying Gene by Environment Interactions in Behavioral Research,” Genes, Brain and Behavior 2, no. 6 (2003): 336-40.
10. A. J. Bennett等，“Early Experience and Serotonin Transporter Gene Variation Interact to Influence Primate CNS Function,” Molecular Psychiatry 7, no. 1 (2002): 118-22。亦見於C. S. Barr等，“Interaction Between Serotonin Transporter Gene Variation and Rearing Condition in Alcohol Preference and Consumption in Female Primates,” Archives of General Psychiatry 61, no. 11 (2004): 1146；和C. S. Barr等，“Serotonin Transporter Gene Variation Is Associated with Alcohol Sensitivity in Rhesus Macaques Exposed to Early–Life Stress,” Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 27, no. 5 (2003): 812-17.
11. A. Roy等，“Interaction of FKBP5, a Stress-Related Gene, with Childhood Trauma Increases the Risk for Attempting Suicide,” Neuropsychopharmacology 35, no. 8 (2010): 1674-83。亦見於M. A. Enoch等，“The Influence of GABRA2, Childhood Trauma, and Their Interaction on Alcohol, Heroin, and Cocaine Dependence,” Biological Psychiatry 67 no. 1 (2010): 20-27；以及A. Roy等，“Two HPA Axis Genes, CRHBP and FKBP5, Interact with Childhood Trauma to Increase the Risk for Suicidal Behavior,” Journal of Psychiatric Research 46, no. 1 (2012): 72-79.
12. A. S. Masten和D. Cicchetti, “Developmental Cascades,” Development and Psychopathology 22, no. 3 (2010): 491-95; S. L. Toth等，“Illogical Thinking and Thought Disorder in Maltreated Children,” Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 50, no. 7 (2011): 659-68; J. Willis, “Building a Bridge from Neuroscience to the Classroom,” Phi Delta Kappan 89, no. 6 (2008): 424; I. M. Eigsti 和D. Cicchetti, “The Impact of Child Maltreatment on Expressive Syntax at 60 Months,” Developmental Science 7, no. 1 (2004): 88-102.
13. 約瑟夫．史畢納左拉等，“Survey Evaluates Complex Trauma Exposure, Outcome, and Intervention Among Children and Adolescents,” Psychiatric Annals 35, no. 5 (2005): 433-39.
14. R. C. Kessler, C. B. Nelson和K. A. McGonagle, “The Epidemiology of Co-occuring Addictive and Mental Disorders,” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 66, no. 1 (1996): 17-31。亦見於Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Washington: National Academies Press, 2008)；以及C. S. North等，“Toward Validation of the Diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,”《美國精神醫學期刊》166, no. 1 (2009): 34-40.
15. 約瑟夫．史畢納左拉等，“Survey Evaluates Complex Trauma Exposure, Outcome, and Intervention Among Children and Adolescents,” Psychiatric Annals (2005).
16. 我們的工作小組成員包括羅伯特．派諾斯博士、法藍克．普特南博士、葛倫．薩克斯博士、Julian Ford博士、約瑟夫．史畢納左拉博士、Marylene Cloitre博士、Bradley Stolbach博士、亞力山大．麥克法蘭博士、Alicia Lieberman博士、Wendy D'Andrea博士、馬丁．泰契爾博士，以及Dante Cicchetti。
17. 我們為發展性創傷症提議的準則請見本書附錄。
18. http:// www.traumacenter.org/products/instruments.php.
19. 關於索洛夫的更多資訊可查詢網站：www.cehd.umn.edu/icd/people/faculty/cpsy/sroufe.html。關於明尼蘇達風險與適應縱向研究及其出版品，可查詢網站：http://www.cehd.umn.edu/icd/research/parent-child/以及http://www.cehd.umn.edu/icd/research/parent-child/publications/。亦見於艾倫．索洛夫和W. A. Collins, The Development of the Person: The Minnesota Study of Risk and Adaptation from Birth to Adulthood (New York: Guilford Press, 2009)；以及艾倫．索洛夫，“Attachment and Development: A Prospective, Longitudinal Study from Birth to Adulthood,” Attachment & Human Development 7, no. 4 (2005): 349-67.
20. 艾倫．索洛夫，The Development of the Person: The Minnesota Study of Risk and Adaptation from Birth to Adulthood (New York: Guilford Press, 2005)。哈佛大學研究人員卡琳．萊昂茲-盧斯也在她追蹤八年的兒童身上得到類似的發現：紊亂型依附、角色顛倒、三歲時缺少從母親來的溝通，這三者最能預見孩子十八歲時將被納入精神健康或社會服務體系中。
21. D. Jacobvitz和艾倫．索洛夫，“The Early Caregiver-Child Relationship and Attention-Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity in Kindergarten: A Prospective Study,” Child Development 58, no. 6 (December 1987): 1496-504.
22. G. H. Elder Jr., T. Van Nguyen和A. Caspi, “Linking Family Hardship to Children's Lives,” Child Development 56, no. 2 (April 1985): 361-75.
23. 曾遭受身體虐待的兒童，被診斷出患有行為規範障礙或對立性反抗疾患的機率以三倍計；忽視或性虐待則使發展出焦慮障礙的機率增加一倍；父母若在心理上很疏離或曾經施加性虐待，孩子後來發展出創傷後壓力症的機率加倍。曾遭受忽視的兒童後來得到多重診斷的機率是54％、曾被身體虐待者是60％、遭受兩方性虐待者是73％。
24. 這句引文是根據Emmy Werner的著作，她從一九五五年開始，研究了四十年當中在Kauai島出生的六百九十八個兒童，證明在不穩定的家庭中成長的兒童，成長後遇到問題時會做出違法舉動、精神和身體健康出狀況、家庭不穩定等問題。高風險兒童有三分之一展現出恢復力而且發展成關切別人、能力很強又有自信的成年人，他們的保護因子包括：一、身為討人喜愛的小孩；二、與父母親以外的一位照顧者（例如姨媽、保母或老師）有強大的連結，而且高度參與教會或社區團體。E. E. Werner and R. S. Smith, Overcoming the Odds: High Risk Children from Birth to Adulthood (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1992).
25. 潘妮洛普．崔克特、J. G. Noll和法藍克．普特南，“The Impact of Sexual Abuse on Female Development: Lessons from a Multigenerational, Longitudinal Research Study,” Development and Psychopathology 23 (2011): 453-76。亦見於J. G. Nol，潘妮洛普．崔克特和法藍克．普特南, “A Prospective Investigation of the Impact of Childhood Sexual Abuse on the Development of Sexuality,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 71 (2003): 575-86；潘妮洛普．崔克特，C. McBride-Chang和法藍克．普特南，“The Classroom Performance and Behavior of Sexually Abused Females,” Development and Psychopathology 6 (1994): 183-94；潘妮洛普．崔克特和法藍克．普特南，Sexual Abuse of Females: Effects in Childhood (Washington: National Institute of Mental Health, 1990-1993) ；法藍克．普特南和潘妮洛普．崔克特，The Psychobiological Effects of Child Sexual Abuse (New York: W. T. Grant Foundation, 1987).
26. 針對分裂性情緒失調症的三十六篇研究當中，沒有人提出關於依附、創傷後壓力症、創傷、童年受虐或忽視的問題，只有一篇文章稍微提到虐待，而親職教養、家庭動力或家庭治療都完全沒有提及。
27. 《精神疾病診斷與統計手冊》後面的附錄包含所謂的補充分類代碼（V-codes），這些診斷名稱不具正式地位亦不足以申請保險給付，當中可以看到童年受虐、童年被忽視、童年身體受虐、童年性虐待等。
28. 同上。p 121.
29. 本書寫作時，《精神疾病診斷與統計手冊》第五版在亞馬遜購物網站銷售排名第七，而前一版為美國精神醫學學會賺進了一億美元。《精神疾病診斷與統計手冊》的發行加上藥廠的捐款和會員年費，是美國精神醫學學會的主要財源。
30. Gary Greenberg, The Book of Woe: The DSM and the Unmaking of Psychiatry (New York: Penguin, 2013), 239.
31. 美國心理學會其中一個分部的主席David Elkins曾公開致信美國精神醫學學會，指出《精神疾病診斷與統計手冊》是根據不可靠的證據而且罔顧全民健康，將精神疾病概念化為主要是一些醫療現象。這封信得到將近五千個簽名連署。美國諮商學會會長曾代表該會十一萬五千名購買了《精神疾病診斷與統計手冊》的會員，致信美國精神醫學學會會長，也同樣反對《精神疾病診斷與統計手冊》第五版背後的科學研究品質，並且「敦促美國精神醫學學會公布其所指派來審核被提議修改處的科學複審委員會的工作情形，並允許「由外部的獨立專家小組對所有證據和數據」進行評議。
32. 湯瑪士．殷賽爾曾經研究人類以外的哺乳動物的依附荷爾蒙催產素。
33. 國家精神衛生研究院，“NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC),” http://www.nimh.nih.gov/research-priorities/rdoc/nimh-research-domain-criteria-rdoc.shtml.
34. The Development of the Person: The Minnesota Study of Risk and Adaptation from Birth to Adulthood (New York: Guilford Press, 2005).
35. 貝塞爾．范德寇，“Developmental Trauma Disorder: Toward a Rational Diagnosis for Children with Complex Trauma Histories,” Psychiatric Annals 35, no. 5 (2005): 401-8; W. D'Andrea等，“Understanding Interpersonal Trauma in Children: Why We Need a Developmentally Appropriate Trauma Diagnosis,” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 82 (2012): 187-200. J. D. Ford等，“Clinical Significance of a Proposed Developmental Trauma Disorder Diagnosis: Results of an International Survey of Clinicians,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 74, no. 8 (2013): 841-49。發展性創傷症現場試驗研究最新的結果可以在我們的網站上查詢，網址：www.traumacenter.org.
36. 詹姆斯．赫克曼，“Skill Formation and the Economics of Investing in Disadvantaged Children,” 《科學》312, no. 5782 (2006): 1900-2.
37. 大衛．歐德斯等，“Long-Term Effects of Nurse Home Visitation on Children's Criminal and Antisocial Behavior: 15-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial,” JAMA 280, no. 14 (1998): 1238-44。亦見於J. Eckenrode等，“Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect with a Program of Nurse Home Visitation: The Limiting Effects of Domestic Violence,” JAMA 284, no. 11 (2000): 1385-91; D. I. Lowell等，“A Randomized Controlled Trial of Child FIRST: A Comprehensive Home-Based Intervention Translating Research into Early Childhood Practice,” Child Development 82, no. 1 (January/February 2011): 193-208; S. T. Harvey和J. E. Taylor, “A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Psychotherapy with Sexually Abused Children and Adolescents,” Clinical Psychology Review 30, no. 5 (July 2010): 517-35; J. E. Taylor和 S. T. Harvey, “A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Psychotherapy with Adults Sexually Abused in Childhood,” Clinical Psychology Review 30, no. 6 (August 2010): 749-67；歐德斯, Henderson, Chamberlin和Tatelbaum, 1986; B. C. Stolbach等，“Complex Trauma Exposure and Symptoms in Urban Traumatized Children: A Preliminary Test of Proposed Criteria for Developmental Trauma Disorder,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 26, no. 4 (August 2013): 483-91.
1. 法醫評估與臨床諮商截然不同。臨床諮商要求醫病之間的保密，而法醫評估是與律師、法庭和陪審團共用公開文件。我進行法醫評估之前會告知案主，並提醒他們，他們所說的一切都不會保密。
2. K. A. Lee等，“A 50-Year Prospective Study of the Psychological Sequelae of World War II Combat,” 《美國精神醫學期刊》152, no. 4 (April 1995): 516-22.
3. 詹姆士．麥高和M. L. Hertz, Memory Consolidation (San Fransisco: Albion Press, 1972); L. Cahill 和詹姆士．麥高，“Mechanisms of Emotional Arousal and Lasting Declarative Memory,” Trends in Neurosciences 21, no. 7 (1998): 294-99.
4. A. F. Arnsten等，“α-1 Noradrenergic Receptor Stimulation Impairs Prefrontal Cortical Cognitive Function,” Biological Psychiatry 45, no. 1 (1999): 26-31。亦見於A. F. Arnsten, “Enhanced: The Biology of Being Frazzled,”《科學》280, no. 5370 (1998): 1711-12; S. Birnbaum等，“A Role for Norepinephrine in Stress-Induced Cognitive Deficits: α-1-adrenoceptor Mediation in the Prefrontal Cortex,” Biological Psychiatry 46, no. 9 (1999): 1266-74.
5. Y. D. Van Der Werf等，“Special Issue: Contributions of Thalamic Nuclei to Declarative Memory Functioning,” Cortex 39 (2003): 1047-62。亦見於B. M. Elzinga 和 J. D. Bremner, “Are the Neural Substrates of Memory the Final Common Pathway in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?” Journal of Affective Disorders 70 (2002): 1-17; L. M. Shin等，“A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Amygdala and Medial Prefrontal Cortex Responses to Overtly Presented Fearful Faces in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” Archives of General Psychiatry 62 (2005): 273-81；琳達．威廉斯等，“Trauma Modulates Amygdala and Medial Prefrontal Responses to Consciously Attended Fear,” Neuroimage 29 (2006): 347-57；露絲．拉尼厄斯等，“Brain Activation During Script-Driven Imagery Induced Dissociative Responses in PTSD: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Investigation,” Biological Psychiatry 52 (2002): 305-11; H. D Critchley, C. J. Mathias和R. J. Dolan, “Fear Conditioning in Humans: The Influence of Awareness and Autonomic Arousal on Functional Neuroanatomy,” Neuron 33 (2002): 653-63; M. Beauregard, J. Levesque和P. Bourgouin, “Neural Correlates of Conscious Self-Regulation of Emotion,” Journal of Neuroscience 21 (2001): RC165; K. N. Ochsner等，“For Better or for Worse: Neural Systems Supporting the Cognitive Down-and-Up Regulation of Negative Emotion,” NeuroImage 23 (2004): 483-99; M. A. Morgan, L. M. Romanski和約瑟夫．雷杜克斯等，“Extinction of Emotional Learning: Contribution of Medial Prefrontal Cortex,” Neuroscience Letters 163 (1993): 109-13; M. R. Milad和G. J. Quirk, “Neurons in Medial Prefrontal Cortex Signal Memory for Fear Extinction,” Nature 420 (2002): 70-74；以及J. Amat等，“Medial Prefrontal Cortex Determines How Stressor Controllability Affects Behavior and Dorsal Raphe Nucleus,” Nature Neuroscience 8 (2005): 365-71.
6. 貝塞爾．范德寇和麗塔．費斯樂，“Dissociation and the Fragmentary Nature of Traumatic Memories: Overview and Exploratory Study,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 8, no. 4 (1995): 505-25.
7. 根據Free Dictionary對歇斯底里的定義：http://www.thefreedictionary.com/hysteria.
8. A. Young, The Harmony of Illusions: Inventing Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (Princeton University Press, 1997)。亦見於H. F. Ellenberger, The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry (Basic Books, 2008).
9. T. Ribot, Diseases of Memory (Appleton, 1887), 108-9; Ellenberger, Discovery of the Unconscious.
10. 約瑟夫．布雷爾和佛洛伊德，“The Physical Mechanisms of Hysterical Phenomena,” in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (London: Hogarth Press, 1893).
11. A. Young, Harmony of Illusions.
12. 朱蒂斯．赫曼，《創傷與復原》（Trauma and Recovery）(New York: Basic Books, 1997), 15.
13. A. Young, Harmony of Illusions。亦見於尚-馬丁．夏爾科，Clinical Lectures on Certain Diseases of the Nervous System, vol. 3 (London: New Sydenham Society, 1888).
14. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ File: Jean-Martin_Charcot_ chronophotography.jpg
15. 皮耶．賈內，《心理學的自動性》（L'Automatisme psychologique）(Paris: Félix Alcan, 1889).
16. 歐諾．凡德赫特把賈內的作品引介給我，他大概是現今研究賈內著作最偉大的學者。我有幸與歐諾緊密合作，摘取賈內的基本概念。貝塞爾．范德寇和歐諾．凡德赫特，“Pierre Janet and the Breakdown of Adaptation in Psychological Trauma,” 《美國精神醫學期刊》146 (1989): 1530-4；貝塞爾．范德寇和歐諾．凡德赫特, “The Intrusive Past: The Flexibility of Memory and the Engraving of Trauma,” Imago 48 (1991): 425-54.
17. 皮耶．賈內，“L'amnésie et la dissociation des souvenirs par l'emotion” [Amnesia and the dissociation of memories by emotions], Journal de Psychologie 1 (1904): 417-53.
18. 皮耶．賈內，Psychological Healing (New York: Macmillan, 1925); p 660.
19. 皮耶．賈內，L'Etat mental des hystériques, 2nd ed. (Paris: Félix Alcan, 1911; repr. Marseille, France: Lafitte Reprints, 1983)。皮耶．賈內, The Major Symptoms of Hysteria (London and New York: Macmillan, 1907; repr. New York: Hafner, 1965)；皮耶．賈內, L'evolution de la memoire et de la notion du temps (Paris: A. Chahine, 1928).
20. J. L. Titchener, “Post-traumatic Decline: A Consequence of Unresolved Destructive Drives,” Trauma and Its Wake 2 (1986): 5-19.
21. 約瑟夫．布雷爾和佛洛伊德，“The Physical Mechanisms of Hysterical Phenomena.”
22. 佛洛伊德和約瑟夫．布雷爾, “The Etiology of Hysteria,” in the Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, vol. 3, ed. J. Strachy (London: Hogarth Press, 1962): 189-221.
23. 佛洛伊德，“Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality,” in the Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, vol. 7 (London: Hogarth Press, 1962): 190:「性活動的再次出現決定於內在原因和外在事件……此時我必須講明內在原因；在此時期有重大且持久的重要性繫於偶發的外在事件〔異體字為佛洛伊德所標〕。最突出的是誘奸的影響，過早把兒童當作性目標，在高度情緒化的情況中教他從外生殖器獲得滿足，此後這個兒童通常會不得不一再自淫來重複這種滿足。此事的影響可能來自成年人或其他孩童，我無法承認在我所寫的文章The Aetiology of Hysteria (1896c)中誇大了這個影響的頻繁度或重要性，雖然當時我並不知道那些保持正常的人或許童年也有同樣的經驗，而且相較於性構造和發展的因素，我因而給予誘奸過高的評價。顯然，誘奸並非激化兒童的性生活所必要，兒童的性生活也可以從內在原因自發而生。」佛洛伊德，“Introductory Lectures in Psycho-analysis in Stand ard Edition (1916), 370：「幻想被誘奸，這令人特別感興趣，因為這些往往不是幻想而是真實記憶。」
24. 佛洛伊德，Inhibitions Symptoms and Anxiety (1914), 150。亦見於Strachey, Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works.
25. 貝塞爾．范德寇，Psychological Trauma (Washington, D: American Psychiatric Press, 1986).
26. 貝塞爾．范德寇，“The Compulsion to Repeat the Trauma,” Psychiatric Clinics of North America 12, no. 2 (1989): 389-411.
1. A. Young, The Harmony of Illusions: Inventing Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997), 84.
2. F. W. Mott, “Special Discussion on Shell Shock Without Visible Signs of Injury,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 9 (1916): i-xliv。亦見於查爾斯．邁爾斯，“A Contribution to the Study of Shell Shock,” Lancet 1 (1915): 316-20; T. W. Salmon, “The Care and Treatment of Mental Diseases and War Neuroses (“Shell Shock”) in the British Army,” Mental Hygiene 1 (1917): 509-47；以及E. Jones和S. Wessely, Shell Shock to PTSD: Military Psychiatry from 1900 to the Gulf (Hove, UK: Psychology Press, 2005).
3. 約翰．齊根，The First World War (New York: Random House, 2011).
4. A. D. Macleod, “Shell Shock, Gordon Holmes and the Great War.” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 97, no. 2 (2004): 86-89; M. Eckstein, Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989).
5. Lord Southborough, Report of the War Office Committee of Enquiry into “Shell Shock” (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1922).
6. 布克獎得主派特．巴克（Pat Barker）曾寫作感人的三部曲，描述軍中的精神科醫師W. H. R. Rivers的工作：派特．巴克，Regeneration (London: Penguin UK, 2008)；派特．巴克，The Eye in the Door (New York: Penguin, 1995)；派特．巴克，The Ghost Road (London: Penguin UK, 2008)。關於第一次世界大戰餘波的更進一步討論可參閱A. Young, Harmony of Illusions; and B. Shephard, A War of Nerves, Soldiers and Psychiatrists 1914-1994 (London: Jonathan Cape, 2000).
7. J. H. Bartlett, The Bonus March and the New Deal (1937); R. Daniels, The Bonus March: An Episode of the Great Depression (1971).
8. 雷馬克，《西線無戰事》（All Quiet on the Western Front），trans. A. W. Wheen (London: GP Putnam's Sons, 1929).
9. 同上。p. 192-93.
10. 事情的經過請見http://motlc.wiesenthal.com/site/pp.asp? c= gvKVLcMVIuG& b= 395007.
11. 查爾斯．邁爾斯，Shell Shock in France 1914-1918 (Cambridge UK, Cambridge University Press, 1940).
12. 艾伯罕．卡迪納，The Traumatic Neuroses of War (New York: Hoeber, 1941).
13. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_There_Be_Light_(film).
14. 杰梅茵．格里爾和J. Oxenbould, Daddy, We Hardly Knew You (London: Penguin, 1990).
15. 艾伯罕．卡迪納和H. Spiegel, War Stress and Neurotic Illness (Oxford, England: Hoeber, 1947).
16. D. J. Henderson, “Incest,” in Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 2nd ed., eds. 弗里曼和卡普蘭 (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1974), p. 1536.
17. W. Sargent和 E. Slater, “Acute War Neuroses,” The Lancet 236, no. 6097 (1940): 1-2。亦見於G. Debenham等，“Treatment of War Neurosis,” The Lancet 237, no. 6126 (1941): 107-9；以及W. Sargent和E. Slater, “Amnesic Syndromes in War,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine (Section of Psychiatry) 34, no. 12
18. 每一篇針對童年性虐待記憶的科學研究，無論是預期或回顧、無論是研究臨床案例或一般人口實例，都會發現有某個百分比的性虐待受害人忘記受虐的往事，後來又記起來。例如貝塞爾．范德寇和麗塔．費斯樂，“Dissociation and the Fragmentary Nature of Traumatic Memories: Overview and Exploratory Study,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 8 (1995): 505-25；吉姆．賀伯和貝塞爾．范德寇，“Retrieving, Assessing, and Classifying Traumatic Memories: A Preliminary Report on Three Case Studies of a New Standardized Method,” Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 4 (2001): 33-71; J. J. Freyd和A. P. DePrince, eds., Trauma and Cognitive Science (Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press, 2001), 33-71; A. P. DePrince and J. J. Freyd, “The Meeting of Trauma and Cognitive Science: Facing Challenges and Creating Opportunities at the Crossroads,” Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 4, no. 2 (2001): 1-8; D. Brown, A. W. Scheflin和D. Corydon Hammond, Memory, Trauma Treatment and the Law (New York: Norton, 1997); K. Pope和L. Brown, Recovered Memories of Abuse: Assessment, Therapy, Forensics (Washington: American Psychological Association, 1996)；以及L. Terr, Unchained Memories: True Stories of Traumatic Memories, Lost and Found (New York: Basic Books, 1994).
19. E. F. Loftus, S. Polonsky和M. T. Fullilove, “Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse: Remembering and Repressing,” Psychology of Women Quarterly 18, no. 1 (1994): 67-84。琳達．威廉斯，“Recall of Childhood Trauma: A Prospective Study of Women's Memories of Child Sexual Abuse,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 62, no. 6 (1994): 1167-76.
20. 琳達．威廉斯，“Recall of Childhood Trauma.”
21. 琳達．威廉斯，“Recovered Memories of Abuse in Women with Documented Child Sexual Victimization Histories,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 8, no. 4 (1995): 649-73.
22. 聲譽卓著的神經科學家雅克．潘克沙普在最新出版的著作中提到：「如今已有大量的臨床前動物模型研究顯示，重新找回的記憶傾向於經過修改才回到記憶中。」雅克．潘克沙普和L. Biven, The Archaeology of Mind: Neuroevolutionary Origins of Human Emotions, Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology (New York: WW Norton, 2012).
23. E. F. Loftus, “The Reality of Repressed Memories,” American Psychologist 48, no. 5 (1993): 518-37。亦見於E. F. Loftus和K. Ketcham, The Myth of Repressed Memory: False Memories and Allegations of Sexual Abuse (New York: Macmillan, 1996).
24. J. F. Kihlstrom, “The Cognitive Unconscious,” 《科學》237, no. 4821 (1987): 1445-52.
25. E. F. Loftus, “Planting Misinformation in the Human Mind: A 30-Year Investigation of the Malleability of Memory,” Learning & Memory 12, no. 4 (2005): 361-66.
26. 貝塞爾．范德寇和麗塔．費斯樂，“Dissociation and the Fragmentary Nature of Traumatic Memories: Overview and Exploratory Study,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 8, no. 4 (1995): 505－25.
27. 第十四章有更深入的探討。
28. 羅倫斯．藍格，Holocaust Testimonies: The Ruins of Memory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991).
29. 同上。p.5.
30. 羅倫斯．藍格，同前引書。p. 21.
31. 羅倫斯．藍格，同前引書。p. 34.
32. J. Osterman和貝塞爾．范德寇，“Awareness during Anaesthesia and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” General Hospital Psychiatry 20 (1998): 274-81。亦見於K. Kiviniemi, “Conscious Awareness and Memory During General Anesthesia,” Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 62 (1994): 441-49; A. D. Macleod and E. Maycock, “Awareness During Anaesthesia and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder,” Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 20, no. 3 (1992) 378-82; F. Guerra, “Awareness and Recall: Neurological and Psychological Complications of Surgery and Anesthesia,” in International Anesthesiology Clinics, vol. 24. ed. B. T Hindman (Boston: Little Brown, 1986), 75-99; J. Eldor和D. Z. N. Frankel, “Intra-anesthetic Awareness,” Resuscitation 21 (1991): 113-19; J. L. Breckenridge和A. R. Aitkenhead, “Awareness During Anaesthesia: A Review,” Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 65, no. 2 (1983), 93.
1. 「自我領導」是理查．薛瓦茲在內部家族系統治療法中使用的術語，也是本書第十七章的主題。
2. 佩索和薛瓦茲的研究是例外，本書第十七章和十八章有詳細討論，我執業時即進行運用，而且個人已從中獲益，不過迄今尚未以科學方法研究。
3. A. F. Arnsten, “Enhanced: The Biology of Being Frazzled,”《科學》280, no. 5370 (1998): 1711-12; A. Arnsten, “Stress Signalling Pathways That Impair Prefrontal Cortex Structure and Function,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 10, no. 6 (2009): 410-22.
4. 丹尼爾．席格，The Mindful Therapist: A Clinician's Guide to Mindsight and Neural Integration (New York: WW Norton, 2010).
5. 約瑟夫．雷杜克斯，“Emotion Circuits in the Brain,” Annual Review of Neuroscience 23, no. 1 (2000): 155-84。亦見於M. A. Morgan, L. M. Romanski和約瑟夫．雷杜克斯，“Extinction of Emotional Learning: Contribution of Medial Prefrontal Cortex,” Neuroscience Letters 163, no. 1 (1993): 109-13；以及J. M. Moscarello和約瑟夫．雷杜克斯，“Active Avoidance Learning Requires Prefrontal Suppression of Amygdala-Mediated Defensive Reactions,” Journal of Neuroscience 33, no. 9 (2013): 3815-23.
6. 史蒂芬．伯格斯，“Stress and Parasympathetic Control,” Stress Science: Neuroendocrinology 306 (2010)。亦見於史蒂芬．伯格斯，“Reciprocal Influences Between Body and Brain in the Perception and Expression of Affect,” in The Healing Power of Emotion: Affective Neuroscience, Development & Clinical Practice, Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology (New York: WW Norton, 2009), 27.
7. 貝塞爾．范德寇等，“Yoga As an Adjunctive Treatment for PTSD.” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 75, no. 6 (June 2014): 559-65.
8. 瑟本．費雪，Neurofeedback in the Treatment of Developmental Trauma: Calming the Fear-Driven Brain. (New York: WW Norton & Company, 2014).
9. R. P. Brown和P. L. Gerbarg, “Sudarshan Kriya Yogic Breathing in the Treatment of Stress, Anxiety, and Depression— Part II: Clinical Applications and Guidelines,” Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine 11, no. 4 (2005): 711-17。亦見於C. L. Mandle等，“The Efficacy of Relaxation Response Interventions with Adult Patients: A Review of the Literature,” Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 10 (1996): 4-26；以及M. Nakao等，“Anxiety Is a Good Indicator for Somatic Symptom Reduction Through Behavioral Medicine Intervention in a Mind/Body Medicine Clinic,” Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 70 (2001): 50-57.
10. C. Hannaford, Smart Moves: Why Learning Is Not All in Your Head (Arlington, VA: Great Ocean Publishers, 1995), 22207-3746.
11. 喬．卡巴金，Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness (New York: Bantam Books, 2013)。亦見於戴安娜．弗沙，丹尼爾．席格和M. Solomon等等，The Healing Power of Emotion: Affective Neuroscience, Development & Clinical Practice, Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology (New York: WW Norton, 2011)；以及貝塞爾．范德寇，“Posttraumatic Therapy in the Age of Neuroscience,” Psychoanalytic Dialogues 12, no. 3 (2002): 381-92.
12. 第五章討論過，創傷後壓力症患者的腦部掃瞄顯示出與預設迴路有關的腦區出現修改過的活化表現，這個區域關係著自傳式的記憶和持續的自我感。
13. 彼得．列文，《解鎖：創傷療癒地圖》(Berkeley: North Atlantic, 2010).
14. 佩特．奧古登，Trauma and the Body (New York: Norton, 2009)。亦見於A. Y. Shalev, “Measuring Outcome in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 61, supp. 5 (2000): 33-42.
15. 喬．卡巴金，Full Catastrophe Living.
16. S. G. Hofmann等，“The Effect of Mindfulness-Based Therapy on Anxiety and Depression: A Meta-Analytic Review,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 78, no.2 (2010): 169-83; J. D. Teasdale等，“Prevention of Relapse/Recurrence in Major Depression by Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68 (2000): 615-23。亦見於布麗塔．霍澤爾等，“How Does Mindfulness Meditation Work? Proposing Mechanisms of Action from a Conceptual and Neural Perspective.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 6, no. 6 (2011): 537-59；以及P. Grossman等，“Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction and Health Benefits: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 57, no. 1 (2004): 35-43.
17. 與正念冥想有關的腦部迴路已充分建立，會改善注意力調節，並對於需要以注意力執行的任務的情緒反應干擾有正面影響。請見L. E. Carlson等，“One Year Pre-Post Intervention Follow-up of Psychological, Immune, Endocrine and Blood Pressure Outcomes of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) in Breast and Prostate Cancer Outpatients,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 21, no. 8 (2007): 1038-49；以及R. J. Davidson等，“Alterations in Brain and Immune Function Produced by Mindfulness Meditation,” Psychosomatic Medicine 65, no. 4 (2003): 564-70.
18. 布麗塔．霍澤爾和同事大量研究靜坐與腦部功能，證明靜坐牽涉背內側前額葉皮質、腹外側前額葉皮質、內前喙扣帶皮質。見布麗塔．霍澤爾等，“Stress Reduction Correlates with Structural Changes in the Amygdala,” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 5 (2010): 11-17；布麗塔．霍澤爾等，“Mindfulness Practice Leads to Increases in Regional Brain Gray Matter Density,” Psychiatry Research 191, no. 1 (2011): 36-43；布麗塔．霍澤爾等，“Investigation of Mindfulness Meditation Practitioners with Voxel-Based Morphometry,” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 3, no. 1 (2008): 55-61；以及布麗塔．霍澤爾等，“Differential Engagement of Anterior Cingulate and Adjacent Medial Frontal Cortex in Adept Meditators and Non-meditators,” Neuroscience Letters 421, no. 1 (2007): 16-21.
19. 腦部與身體意識有關的主要結構是前腦島。見A. D. Craig, “Interoception: The Sense of the Physiological Condition of the Body,” Current Opinion on Neurobiology 13 (2003): 500-05; Critchley, Wiens, Rotshtein, Ohman和Dolan, 2004; N. A. S Farb, Z. V. Segal, H. Mayberg, J. Bean, D. McKeon, Z. Fatima等，“Attending to the Present: Mindfulness Meditation Reveals Distinct Neural Modes of Self-Reference,” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2 (2007): 313-22.; J. A. Grant, J. Courtemanche, E. G. Duerden, G. H. Duncan和P. Rainville, (2010) “Cortical Thickness and Pain Sensitivity in Zen Meditators,” Emotion 10, no. 1 (2010): 43-53.
20. S. J. Banks等，“Amygdala-Frontal Connectivity During Emotion-Regulation,” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2, no. 4 (2007): 303-12。亦見於M. R. Milad等，“Thickness of Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Humans Is Correlated with Extinction Memory,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102, no. 30 (2005): 10706-11；以及史考特．羅許，L. M. Shin和E. A. Phelps, “Neurocircuitry Models of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Extinction: Human Neuroimaging Research— Past, Present, and Future,” Biological Psychiatry 60, no. 4 (2006): 376-82.
21. A. Freud和D. T. Burlingham. War and Children (New York University Press, 1943).
22. 人類用三種不同的方法處理壓倒性的經驗：解離（精神恍惚、停止運作）、人格解體（感覺此事不是發生在自己身上）、失去現實感（感覺此時發生的事並不是真的）。
23. 我在司法資源學會的同事在Glenhaven Academy為青少年設立一個安置輔導方案，即范德寇中心，在此執行本書所討論的許多創傷治療法，包括瑜伽、感覺整合、神經回饋、劇場。網址： http://www.jri. org/vanderkolk/about。而最軸心的治療模式「依附、自我管控和勝任感」（ARC）是我的同事瑪格麗特．布勞斯坦和Kristine Kinneburgh所研發的。瑪格麗特．布勞斯坦和Kristine M. Kinniburgh，Treating Traumatic Stress in Children and Adolescents: How to Foster Resilience Through Attachment, Self-Regulation, and Competency (New York: Guilford Press, 2012).
24. C. K. Chandler, Animal Assisted Therapy in Counseling (New York: Routledge, 2011)。亦見於A. J. Cleveland, “Therapy Dogs and the Dissociative Patient: Preliminary Observations,” Dissociation 8, no. 4 (1995): 247-52；以及A. Fine, Handbook on Animal Assisted Therapy: Theoretical Foundations and Guidelines for Practice (San Diego: Academic Press, 2010).
25. E. Warner等，“Can the Body Change the Score? Application of Sensory Modulation Principles in the Treatment of Traumatized Adolescents in Residential Settings,” Journal of Family Violence 28, no. 7 (2013): 729-38。亦見於A. J. Ayres, Sensory Integration and Learning Disorders (Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services, 1972); H. Hodgdon等，“Development and Implementation of Trauma-Informed Programming in Residential Schools Using the ARC Framework,” Journal of Family Violence 27, no. 8 (2013); J. LeBel等，“Integrating Sensory and Trauma-Informed Interventions: A Massachusetts State Initiative, Part 1,” Mental Health Special Interest Section Quarterly 33, no. 1 (2010): 1-4.
26. 這些器材可能激化了她腦部的前庭小腦系統，這個區域似乎關係著自我調節，會因幼年被忽視而受到損害。
27. Aaron R. Lyon and Karen S. Budd, “A Community Mental Health Implementation of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT).” Journal of Child and Family Studies 19, no. 5 (2010): 654-68。亦見於Anthony J. Urquiza and Cheryl Bodiford McNeil, “Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: An Intensive Dyadic Intervention for Physically Abusive Families.” Child Maltreatment 1, no 2 (1996): 134-44; J. Borrego Jr.,等，“Research Publications.” Child and Family Behavior Therapy 20: 27-54.
28. 貝塞爾．范德寇等，“Fluoxetine in Post Traumatic Stress,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (1994): 517-22.
29. 佩特．奧古登，K. Minton和C. Pain, Trauma and the Body (New York, Norton, 2010)；佩特．奧古登和J. Fisher, Sensorimotor Psychotherapy: Interventions for Trauma and Attachment (New York: Norton, 2014).
30. 彼得．列文，《解鎖：創傷療癒地圖》(Berkeley: North Atlantic Books)；彼得．列文，《喚醒老虎：啟示自我療癒本能》(Berkeley: North Atlantic Books).
31. 關於模擬犯案防身課程的更多細節，請參考網站：http://modelmugging.org/.
32. 佛洛伊德，Remembering, Repeating, and Working Through (Further Recommendations on the Technique of Psychoanalysis II), standard ed. (London: Hogarth Press, 1914), p. 371
33. E. Santini, R. U. Muller和G. J. Quirk, “Consolidation of Extinction Learning Involves Transfer from NMDA-Independent to NMDA-Dependent Memory,” Journal of Neuroscience 21 (2001): 9009-17.
34. 埃德娜．福艾和M. J. Kozak, “Emotional Processing of Fear: Exposure to Corrective Information,” Psychological Bulletin 99, no. 1 (1986): 20-35.
35. C. R. Brewin, “Implications for Psychological Intervention,” in Neuropsychology of PTSD: Biological, Cognitive, and Clinical Perspectives, ed. J. J. Vasterling和C. R. Brewin (New York: Guilford, 2005), 272.
36. T. M. Keane, “The Role of Exposure Therapy in the Psychological Treatment of PTSD,” National Center for PTSD Clinical Quarterly 5, no. 4 (1995): 1-6.
37. 埃德娜．福艾和R. J. McNally, “Mechanisms of Change in Exposure Therapy,” in Current Controversies in the Anxiety Disorders, ed. R. M. Rapee (New York: Guilford, 1996), 329-43.
38. J. D. Ford和P. Kidd, “Early Childhood Trauma and Disorders of Extreme Stress as Predictors of Treatment Outcome with Chronic PTSD,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 18 (1998): 743-61。亦見於A. McDonagh-Coyle等，“Randomized Trial of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adult Female Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 73, no. 3 (2005): 515-24; Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Assessment of the Evidence (Washington: National Academies Press, 2008)；以及R. Bradley等，“A Multidimensional Meta-Analysis of Psychotherapy for PTSD,”《美國精神醫學期刊》162, no. 2 (2005): 214-27.
39. J. Bisson等，“Psychological Treatments for Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” British Journal of Psychiatry 190 (2007): 97-104。亦見於L. H. Jaycox、埃德娜．福艾和A. R. Morrall, “Influence of Emotional Engagement and Habituation on Exposure Therapy for PTSD,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66 (1998): 185-92.
40. 「中途退出者：在延長暴露(n = 53 [38%])；在以當下為中心的治療(n = 30 [21%]) (P = .002)。控制組也有很高比例的傷亡：兩人死於自殺以外的原因，九個人入住精神科醫院，三個人試圖自殺。」P. P. Schnurr等，“Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Women,” JAMA 297, no. 8 (2007): 820-30.
41. R. Bradley等，“A Multidimensional Meta-Analysis of Psychotherapy for PTSD,” 《美國精神醫學期刊》162, no. 2 (2005): 214-27.
42. J. H. Jaycox和埃德娜．福艾，“Obstacles in Implementing Exposure Therapy for PTSD: Case Discussions and Practical Solutions,” Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 3, no. 3 (1996): 176-84。亦見於埃德娜．福艾，D. Hearst-Ikeda和K. J. Perry, “Evaluation of a Brief Cognitive-Behavioral Program for the Prevention of Chronic PTSD in Recent Assault Victims,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 63 (1995): 948-55.
43. 亞力山大．麥克法蘭的私人通信。
44. 羅傑．皮特曼等，“Psychiatric Complications During Flooding Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 52, no. 1 (January 1991): 17-20.
45. 金．笛瑟堤，Kalina J. Michalska和Katherine D. Kinzler, “The Contribution of Emotion and Cognition to Moral Sensitivity: A Neurodevelopmental Study,” Cerebral Cortex 22 no. 1 (2012): 209-20; 金．笛瑟堤、C. Daniel Batson, “Neuroscience Approaches to Interpersonal Sensitivity,” 2, nos. 3-4 (2007).
46. K. H. Seal等，“VA Mental Health Services Utilization in Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans in the First Year of Receiving New Mental Health Diagnoses,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 23 (2010): 5-16.
47. L. Jerome, “(+/-)-3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”) Investigator's Brochure,” December 2007，取自網路： www.maps.org/research/mdma/protocol/ib_mdma_new08.pdf (accessed August 16, 2012).
48. 約翰．克利斯多等，“Chronic 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use: effects on mood and neuropsychological function?.” The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 18.3 (1992): 331-41.
49. Mithoefer, Michael C.等，“The safety and efficacy of±3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy in subjects with chronic, treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder: the first randomized controlled pilot study.” Journal of Psychopharmacology 25.4 (2011): 439-52; M. C. Mithoefer等，“Durability of Improvement in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Absence of Harmful Effects or Drug Dependency after 3, 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine-Assisted Psychotherapy: A Prospective Long-Term Follow-up Study,” Journal of Psychopharmacology 27, no. 1 (2013): 28-39.
50. J. D. Bremner, “Neurobiology of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder,” in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Critical Review, ed. R. S. Rynoos (Lutherville, MD: Sidran Press, 1994), 43-64.
51. http://cdn.nextgov.com/nextgov/interstitial.html? v=2.1.1&rf=http%3A%2F% 2Fwww.nextgov.com%2Fhealth%2F2011% 2F01%2Fmilitarys-drug-policy-threatens-troops-health-doctors-say%2F48321%2F
52. J. R. T. Davidson, “Drug Therapy of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder,” British Journal of Psychiatry 160 (1992): 309-14。亦見於R. Famularo, R. Kinscherff和T. Fen-ton, “Propranolol Treatment for Childhood Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Acute Type,” American Journal of Disorders of Childhood 142 (1988): 1244-47; F. A. Fesler, “Valproate in Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 52 (1991): 361-64; B. H. Herman等，“Naltrexone Decreases Self-Injurious Behavior,” Annals of Neurology 22 (1987): 530-34；以及貝塞爾．范德寇等，“Fluoxetine in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.”
53. 貝塞爾．范德寇等，“A Randomized Clinical Trial of EMDR, Fluoxetine and Pill Placebo in the Treatment of PTSD: Treatment Effects and Long-Term Maintenance,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 68 (2007): 37-46.
54. R. A. Bryant等，“Treating Acute Stress Disorder: An Evaluation of Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Supportive Counseling Techniques,” 《美國精神醫學期刊》 156, no. 11 (November 1999): 1780-86; N. P. Roberts等，“Early Psychological Interventions to Treat Acute Traumatic Stress Symptoms,” Cochran Database of Systematic Reviews 3 (March 2010).
55. 這包括alpha1受體阻斷劑普拉辛（prazosin）、alpha2 受體阻斷劑可樂錠（clonidine）以及beta受體阻斷劑心律錠（propranolol）。見馬修．傅里德曼和J. R. Davidson, “Pharmacotherapy for PTSD,” in Handbook of PTSD: Science and Practice, ed. 馬修．傅里德曼, T. M. Keane和P. A. Resick (New York: Guilford Press, (2007), 376.
56. M. A. Raskind等，“A Parallel Group Placebo Controlled Study of Prazosin for Trauma Nightmares and Sleep Disturbance in Combat Veterans with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder,” Biological Psychiatry 61, no. 8 (2007): 928-34. F. B. Taylor等，“Prazosin Effects on Objective Sleep Measures and Clinical Symptoms in Civilian Trauma Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Placebo-Controlled Study,” Biological Psychiatry 63, no. 6 (2008): 629-32.
57. 鋰鹽、樂命達（lamotrigin）、卡巴馬平（carbamazepine）、雙丙戊酸（divalproex）、加巴噴丁（gabapentin）和妥泰（topiramate）可以幫助控制與創傷有關的侵犯性和易怒性。丙戊酸已被證明對一些創傷後壓力症個案有效，其中包括長期創傷後壓力症的退伍軍人病患。馬修．傅里德曼和Davidson, “Pharmacotherapy for PTSD”; F. A. Fesler, “Valproate in Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 52, no. 9 (1991): 361-64。後面的研究顯示創傷後壓力症病患減少三十七．四％。S. Akuchekian和S. Amanat, “The Comparison of Topiramate and Placebo in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study,” Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 9, no. 5 (2004): 240-44.
58. G. Bartzokis等，“Adjunctive Risperidone in the Treatment of Chronic Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” Biological Psychiatry 57, no. 5 (2005): 474-79。亦見於D. B. Reich等，“A Preliminary Study of Risperidone in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Related to Childhood Abuse in Women,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 65, no. 12 (2004): 1601-1606.
59. 其他方法包括通常有助於創傷病人睡眠的介入處理，例如抗憂鬱藥物妥解鬱（trazodone）、雙耳節拍應用程式（binaural beat apps）、類似Proteus的聲光腦波能量儀（www.brainmachines.com）、類似hearthmath的心率變異度監測器（http:// www.heartmath.com/），還有以瑜伽為基礎的iRest這種有效的介入方法（http://www.irest.us/）。
60. D. Wilson, “Child's Ordeal Shows Risks of Psychosis Drugs for Young,” 《紐約時報》September 1, 2010, 取得自http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/02/business/02kids.html?pagewanted= all&_ r= 0.
61. M. Olfson等，“National Trends in the Office-Based Treatment of Children, Adolescents, and Adults with Antipsychotics,” Archives of General Psychiatry 69, no. 12 (2012): 1247-56.
62. E. Harris等，“Perspectives on Systems of Care: Concurrent Mental Health Therapy Among Medicaid-Enrolled Youths Starting Antipsychotic Medications,” FOCUS 10, no. 3 (2012): 401-07.
63. 貝塞爾．范德寇，“The Body Keeps the Score: Memory and the Evolving Psychobiology of Posttraumatic Stress,” Harvard Review of Psychiatry 1, no. 5 (1994): 253-65.
64. B. Brewin, “Mental Illness is the Leading Cause of Hospitalization for Active-Duty Troops,” Nextgov.com, May 17, 2012, http://www.nextgov.com/health/2012/05/mental-illness-leading-cause-hospitalization-active-duty-troops/55797/.
65. 精神健康藥品經費，退伍軍人事務部。http://www.veterans.senate.gov/imo/media/ doc/For%20the% 20Record% 20-% 20CCHR% 204.30.14.pdf.
1. 由斯潘塞．艾斯醫師告知貝塞爾．范德寇，March 2002。
2. 約瑟夫．布雷爾和佛洛伊德, “The Physical Mechanisms of Hysterical Phenomena,” in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (London: Hogarth Press, 1893)。約瑟夫．布雷爾和佛洛伊德，Studies on Hysteria (New York: Basic Books, 2009).
3. 湯瑪士．愛德華．勞倫斯，《智慧七柱》（Seven Pillars of Wisdom）(New York: Doubleday, 1935).
4. 埃德娜．福艾等，“The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI): Development and Validation,” Psychological Assessment 11, no. 3 (1999): 303-14.
5. 卡爾．馬藍提斯，《參戰的感覺》（What It Is Like to Go to War） (New York: Grove Press, 2011).
6. 同上。p. 114.
7. 同上。p. 129.
8. 海倫．凱勒，《我生活的世界》（The World I Live In）(1908), ed. R. Shattuck (New York: NYRB Classics, 2004)。亦見於R. Shattuck, “A World of Words,” New York Review of Books, February 26, 2004.
9. 海倫．凱勒，《我的生活故事》（The Story of My Life）, ed. R. Shattuck and D. Herrmann (New York: Norton, 2003).
10. W. M. Kelley等，“Finding the Self? An Event-Related fMRI Study,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14, no. 5 (2002): 785-94。亦見於N. A. Farb等，“Attending to the Present: Mindfulness Meditation Reveals Distinct Neural Modes of Self-Reference,” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2, no. 4 (2007): 313-22. P. M. Niedenthal, “Embodying Emotion,” 《科學》316, no. 5827 (2007): 1002-1005; and J. M. Allman, “The Anterior Cingulate Cortex,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 935, no. 1 (2001): 107-17.
11. 傑羅姆．凱根，dialogue with the Dalai Lama, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://www.mindandlife.org/about/history/.
12. A. Goldman和F. de Vignemont, “Is Social Cognition Embodied?” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 13, no. 4 (2009): 154-59。亦見於A. D. Craig, “How Do You Feel— Now? The Anterior Insula and Human Awareness,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 10 (2009): 59-70; H. D. Critchley, “Neural Mechanisms of Autonomic, Affective, and Cognitive Integration,” Journal of Comparative Neurology 493, no. 1 (2005): 154-66; T. D. Wager等，“ Prefrontal-Subcortical Pathways Mediating Successful Emotion Regulation,” Neuron 59, no. 6 (2008): 1037-50; K. N. Ochsner等，“Rethinking Feelings: An fMRI Study of the Cognitive Regulation of Emotion,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14, no. 8 (2002): 1215-29; A. D'Argembeau等，“Self-Reflection Across Time: Cortical Midline Structures Differentiate Between Present and Past Selves,” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 3, no. 3 (2008): 244-52; Y. Ma等，“Sociocultural Patterning of Neural Activity During Self-Reflection,” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 9, no. 1 (2014): 73-80; R. N. Spreng, R. A. Mar和A. S. Kim, “The Common Neural Basis of Autobiographical Memory, Prospection, Navigation, Theory of Mind, and the Default Mode: A Quantitative Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 3 (2009): 489-510; H. D. Critchley, “The Human Cortex Responds to an Interoceptive Challenge,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101, no. 17 (2004): 6333-34；以及C. Lamm, C. D. Batson和金．笛瑟堤，“The Neural Substrate of Human Empathy: Effects of Perspective-Taking and Cognitive Appraisal,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 1 (2007): 42-58.
13. 詹姆士．潘尼貝克，Opening Up: The Healing Power of Expressing Emotions (New York: Guilford Press, 2012), 12.
14. 同上。p. 19.
15. 同上。p.35.
16. 同上。p. 50.
17. 詹姆士．潘尼貝克，J. K. Kiecolt-Glaser和R. Glaser, “Disclosure of Traumas and Immune Function: Health Implications for Psychotherapy,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 56, no. 2 (1988): 239-45.
18. D. A. Harris, “Dance/ Movement Therapy Approaches to Fostering Resilience and Recovery Among African Adolescent Torture Survivors,” Torture 17, no. 2 (2007): 134-55; M. Bensimon, D. Amir和 Y. Wolf, “Drumming Through Trauma: Music Therapy with Post-traumatic Soldiers,” Arts in Psychotherapy 35, no. 1 (2008): 34-48; M. Weltman, “Movement Therapy with Children Who Have Been Sexually Abused,” American Journal of Dance Therapy 9, no. 1 (1986): 47-66; H. Englund, “Death, Trauma and Ritual: Mozambican Refugees in Malawi,” Social Science & Medicine 46, no. 9 (1998): 1165-74; H. Tefferi, Building on Traditional Strengths: The Unaccompanied Refugee Children from South Sudan (1996); D. Tolfree, Restoring Playfulness: Different Approaches to Assisting Children Who Are Psychologically Affected by War or Displacement (Stockholm: Rädda Barnen, 1996), 158-73; N. Boothby, “Mobilizing Communities to Meet the Psychosocial Needs of Children in War and Refugee Crises,” in Minefields in Their Hearts: The Mental Health of Children in War and Communal Violence, ed. R. Apfel and B. Simon (New Haven, Yale Universit Press, 1996), 149-64; S. Sandel, S. Chaiklin和A. Lohn, Foundations of Dance/Movement Therapy: The Life and Work of Marian Chace (Columbia, MD: American Dance Therapy Association, 1993); K. Callaghan, “Movement Psychotherapy with Adult Survivors of Political Torture and Organized Violence,” Arts in Psychotherapy 20, no. 5 (1993): 411-21; A. E. L. Gray, “The Body Remembers: Dance Movement Therapy with an Adult Survivor of Torture,” American Journal of Dance Therapy 23, no. 1 (2001): 29-43.
19. 安．克蘭茲和詹姆士．潘尼貝克，“Expressive Dance, Writing, Trauma, and Health: When Words Have a Body.” Whole Person Healthcare 3 (2007): 201-29.
20. P. Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (London: Oxford University Press, 1975).
21. 這些發現也同樣出現在以下的研究中：J. D. Bremner, “Does Stress Damage the Brain?” Biological Psychiatry 45, no. 7 (1999): 797-805; I. Liberzon等，“Brain Activation in PTSD in Response to Trauma-Related Stimuli,” Biological Psychiatry 45, no. 7 (1999): 817-26; L. M. Shin等，“Visual Imagery and Perception in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Positron Emission Tomographic Investigation,” Archives of General Psychiatry 54, no. 3 (1997): 233-41; L. M. Shin等，“Regional Cerebral Blood Flow During Script-Driven Imagery in Childhood Sexual Abuse-Related PTSD: A PET Investigation,”《美國精神醫學期刊》156, no. 4 (1999): 575-84.
22. 我不確定這個詞是我還是彼得．列文最先提出的。他在我擁有的一段錄影中把這件事歸給我，但我所知的「擺盪」多半是跟他學習的。
23. 有一小部分證據支持的說法是，暴露／穴位的刺激比納入傳統放鬆技巧的暴露策略有更強的結果(www.vetcases.com)。D. Church等，“Single-Session Reduction of the Intensity of Traumatic Memories in Abused Adolescents After EFT: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study,” Traumatology 18, no. 3 (2012): 73-79；以及D. Feinstein和D. Church, “Modulating Gene Expression Through Psychotherapy: The Contribution of Noninvasive Somatic Interventions,” Review of General Psychology 14, no. 4 (2010): 283-95.
24. T. Gil等，“Cognitive Functioning in Post–traumatic Stress Disorder,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 3, no. 1 (1990): 29-45; J. J. Vasterling等，“Attention, Learning, and Memory Performances and Intellectual Resources in Vietnam Veterans: PTSD and No Disorder Comparisons,” Neuropsychology 16, no. 1 (2002): 5.
25. 在一篇神經影像學的研究中，創傷後壓力症受試者在回應中性字詞時，腦部的語言區也就是布洛卡區是停用的。換言之，我們在創傷後壓力症病人的布洛卡區發現的功能減少（見第三章）不僅發生在回應創傷記憶時，也發生在需要專注於中性字詞時。這表示創傷病人要表達自己對於一般事件的感受和想法都比較困難。創傷後壓力症這一組的內側前額葉皮質活化也減少，前面已經提過，這個區域的額葉傳遞人對自我的意識並抑制煙霧偵測器杏仁核的活化，因而他們比較難以壓抑腦部回應簡單的語言任務時的恐懼反應，這又導致更難專注於生活中所發生的事。請見：Moores, K. A., Clark, C. R.，麥克法蘭，A. C., Brown, G. C., Puce, A., & Taylor, D. J. (2008). Abnormal recruitment of working memory updating networks during maintenance of trauma-neutral information in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 163(2), 156-70.
26. 約瑟夫．布雷爾和佛洛伊德，“The Physical Mechanisms of Hysterical Phenomena,” in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (London: Hogarth Press, 1893).
27. 丹尼爾．沙克特，Searching for Memory (New York: Basic Books, 1996).
1. 弗蘭欣．夏皮洛，EMDR: The Breakthrough Eye Movement Therapy for Overcoming Anxiety, Stress, and Trauma (New York: Basic Books, 2004).
2. 貝塞爾．范德寇等，“A Randomized Clinical Trial of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Fluoxetine, and Pill Placebo in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Treatment Effects and Long-Term Maintenance,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 68, no. 1 (2007): 37-46.
3. J. G. Carlson等，“Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EDMR) Treatment for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 11, no. 1 (1998): 3-24.
4. J. D. Payne等，“Sleep Increases False Recall of Semantically Related Words in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott Memory Task,” Sleep 29 (2006): A373.
5. 貝塞爾．范德寇和C. P. Ducey, “The Psychological Processing of Traumatic Experience: Rorschach Patterns in PTSD,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 2, no. 3 (1989): 259-74.
6. 米歇爾．朱維特，The Paradox of Sleep: The Story of Dreaming, trans. Laurence Garey (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999).
7. R. Greenwald, “Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): A New Kind of Dreamwork?” Dreaming 5, no. 1 (1995): 51-55.
8. R. Cartwright等，“REM Sleep Reduction, Mood Regulation and Remission in Untreated Depression,” Psychiatry Research 121, no. 2 (2003): 159-67。亦見於R. Cartwright等，“Role of REM Sleep and Dream Affect in Overnight Mood Regulation: A Study of Normal Volunteers,” Psychiatry Research 81, no. 1 (1998): 1-8.
9. R. Greenberg, C. A. Pearlman和D. Gampel, “War Neuroses and the Adaptive Function of REM Sleep,” British Journal of Medical Psychology 45, no. 1 1972): 27-33. Ramon Greenberg和Chester Pearlman與我們的實驗室發現，心理受創的退伍軍人只要一進入快速動眼期就會讓自己醒來。有很多受創者用酒精幫助自己入睡，但這些退伍軍人卻因此無法得到睡眠的所有益處（記憶的整理和轉化），創傷後壓力症也可能因此無法得到解決。
10. 貝塞爾．范德寇等，“Nightmares and Trauma: A Comparison of Nightmares After Combat with Lifelong Nightmares in Veterans,”《美國精神醫學期刊》141, no. 2 (1984): 187-90.
11. N. Breslau等，“Sleep Disturbance and Psychiatric Disorders: A Longitudinal Epidemiological Study of Young Adults,” Biological Psychiatry 39, no. 6 (1996): 411-18.
12. 羅伯．史帝葛德等，“Sleep-Induced Changes in Associative Memory,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 11, no. 2 (1999): 182-93。亦見於羅伯．史帝葛德，“Of Sleep, Memories and Trauma,” Nature Neuroscience 10, no. 5 (2007): 540-42；以及B. Rasch等，“Odor Cues During Slow-Wave Sleep Prompt Declarative Memory Consolidation,”《科學》315, no. 5817 (2007): 1426-29.
13. E. J. Wamsley等，“Dreaming of a Learning Task Is Associated with Enhanced Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation,” Current Biology 20, no. 9, (May 11, 2010): 850-55.
14. 羅伯．史帝葛德，“Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation,” Nature 437 (2005): 1272-78.
15. 羅伯．史帝葛德等，“Sleep-Induced Changes in Associative Memory,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 11, no. 2 (1999): 182-93.
16. J. Williams等，“Bizarreness in Dreams and Fantasies: Implications for the Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis,” Consciousness and Cognition 1, no. 2 (1992): 172-85。亦見於史帝葛德等，“Sleep-Induced Changes in Associative Memory.”
17. M. P. Walker等，“Cognitive Flexibility Across the Sleep-Wake Cycle: REM-Sleep Enhancement of Anagram Problem Solving,” Cognitive Brain Research 14 (2002): 317-24.
18. 羅伯．史帝葛德，“EMDR: A Putative Neurobiological Mechanism of Action,” Journal of Clinical Psychology 58 (2002): 61-75.
19. 有幾篇研究是關於眼動如何有助於處理和轉化創傷記憶。M. Sack等，“Alterations in Autonomic Tone During Trauma Exposure Using Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)— Results of a Preliminary Investigation,” Journal of Anxiety Disorders 22, no. 7 (2008): 1264-71; B. Letizia, F. Andrea和C. Paolo, “Neuroanatomical Changes After Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Treatment in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 19, no. 4 (2007): 475-76; P. Levin, S. Lazrove和貝塞爾．范德寇，(1999) “What Psychological Testing and Neuroimaging Tell Us About the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder by Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing,” Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13, nos. 1-2, 159-72; M. L. Harper, T. Rasolkhani Kalhorn, J. F. Drozd, “On the Neural Basis of EMDR Therapy: Insights from Qeeg Studies,” Traumatology, 15, no. 2 (2009): 81-95; K. Lansing, D. G. Amen, C. Hanks, L. Rudy, “High-Resolution Brain SPECT Imaging and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in Police Officers with PTSD,” The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 17, no. 4 (2005): 526-32; T. Ohtani, K. Matsuo, K. Kasai, T. Kato和N. Kato, “Hemodynamic Responses of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.” Neuroscience Research, 65, no. 4 (2009): 375-83; M. Pagani, G. Högberg, D. Salmaso, D. Nardo, Ö. Sundin, C. Jonsson和T. Hällström, “Effects of EMDR Psychotherapy on 99mtc-HMPAO Distribution in Occupation-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,” Nuclear Medicine Communications 28 (2007): 757-65; H. P. Söndergaard和U. Elofsson, “Psychophysiological Studies of EMDR,” Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 2, no. 4 (2008): 282-88.
1. 針灸和指壓在創傷導向的臨床醫師當中被廣泛使用，也正開始被當作臨床上創傷壓力症的治療方法，進行有系統的研究。M. Hollifield等，“Acupuncture for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial,” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 195, no. 6 (2007): 504-13。有些研究用功能性磁振造影測量針灸對於與恐懼有關的腦區的影響，結果指出針灸會為這些腦區帶來快速的調節。K. K. Hui等，“The Integrated Response of the Human Cerebro-Cerebellar and Limbic Systems to Acupuncture Stimulation at ST 36 as Evidenced by fMRI,” NeuroImage 27 (2005): 479-96; J. Fang等，“The Salient Characteristics of the Central Effects of Acupuncture Needling: Limbic-Paralimbic-Neocortical Network Modulation,” Human Brain Mapping 30 (2009): 1196-206. D. Feinstein, “Rapid Treatment of PTSD: Why Psychological Exposure with Acupoint Tapping May Be Effective,” Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 47, no. 3 (2010): 385-402; D. Church等，“Psychological Trauma Symptom Improvement in Veterans Using EFT (Emotional Freedom Technique): A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 201 (2013): 153-60; D. Church, G. Yount和A. J. Brooks, “The Effect of Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) on Stress Biochemistry: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 200 (2012): 891-96; R. P. Dhond, N. Kettner和 V. Napadow, “Neuroimaging Acupuncture Effects in the Human Brain,” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 13 (2007): 603-16; K. K. Hui等，“Acupuncture Modulates the Limbic System and Subcortical Gray Structures of the Human Brain: Evidence from fMRI Studies in Normal Subjects,” Human Brain Mapping 9 (2000): 13-25.
2. M. Sack、吉姆．賀伯和F. Lamprecht, “Low Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia and Prolonged Psychophysiological Arousal in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Heart Rate Dynamics and Individual Differences in Arousal Regulation,” Biological Psychiatry 55, no. 3 (2004): 284-90。亦見於H. Cohen等，“Analysis of Heart Rate Variability in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Patients in Response to a Trauma Related Reminder,” Biological Psychiatry 44, no. 10 (1998): 1054-59; H. Cohen等，“Long-Lasting Behavioral Effects of Juvenile Trauma in an Animal Model of PTSD Associated with a Failure of the Autonomic Nervous System to Recover,” European Neuropsychopharmacology 17, no. 6 (2007): 464-77；以及H. Wahbeh和B. S. Oken, “Peak High-Frequency HRV and Peak Alpha Frequency Higher in PTSD,” Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 38, no. 1 (2013): 57-69.
3. 吉姆．賀伯等，“Preliminary Evidence of Parasympathetic Influence on Basal Heart Rate in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 60, no. 1 (2006): 83-90.
4. 耶路撒冷哈達薩醫學院的艾瑞爾．夏列夫和羅傑．皮特曼在哈佛的研究也都指出這個方向：艾瑞爾．夏列夫等，“Auditory Startle Response in Trauma Survivors with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Prospective Study,” 《美國精神醫學期刊》 157, no. 2 (2000): 255-61；羅傑．皮特曼等，“Psychophysiologic Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Imagery in Vietnam Combat Veterans,” Archives of General Psychiatry 44, no. 11 (1987): 970-75；艾瑞爾．夏列夫等，“A Prospective Study of Heart Rate Response Following Trauma and the Subsequent Development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” Archives of General Psychiatry 55, no. 6 (1998): 553-59.
5. P. Lehrer, Y. Sasaki和Y. Saito, “Zazen and Cardiac Variability,” Psychosomatic Medicine 61, no. 6 (1999): 812-21。亦見於R. Sovik, “The Science of Breathing: The Yogic View,” Progress in Brain Research 122 (1999): 491-505; P. Philippot, G. Chapelle 和S. Blairy, “Respiratory Feedback in the Generation of Emotion,” Cognition & Emotion 16, no. 5 (2002): 605-27; A. Michalsen等，“Rapid Stress Reduction and Anxiolysis Among Distressed Women as a Consequence of a Three-Month Intensive Yoga Program,” Medical Science Monitor 11, no. 12 (2005): 555-61; G. Kirkwood等，“Yoga for Anxiety: A Systematic Review of the Research Evidence,” British Journal of Sports Medicine 39 (2005): 884-91; K. Pilkington等，“Yoga for Depression: The Research Evidence,” Journal of Affective Disorders 89 (2005): 13-24；以及P. Gerbarg 和R. Brown, “Yoga: A Breath of Relief for Hurricane Katrina Refugees,” Current Psychiatry 4 (2005): 55-67.
6. B. Cuthbert等，“Strategies of Arousal Control: Biofeedback, Meditation, and Motivation,” Journal of Experimental Psychology 110 (1981): 518-46。亦見於 S. B. S. Khalsa, “Yoga as a Therapeutic Intervention: A Bibliometric Analysis of Published Research Studies,” Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 48 (2004): 269-85; M. M. Delmonte, “Meditation as a Clinical Intervention Strategy: A Brief Review,” International Journal of Psychosomatics 33 (1986): 9-12; I. Becker, “Uses of Yoga in Psychiatry and Medicine,” in Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Psychiatry, vol. 19, ed. P. R. Muskin PR (Washington: American Psychiatric Press, 2008); L. Bernardi等，“Slow Breathing Reduces Chemoreflex Response to Hypoxia and Hypercapnia, and Increases Baroreflex Sensitivity,” Journal of Hypertension 19, no. 12 (2001): 2221-29; R. P. Brown和P. L. Gerbarg, “Sudarshan Kriya Yogic Breathing in the Treatment of Stress, Anxiety, and Depression: Part I: Neurophysiologic Model,” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 11 (2005): 189-201; R. P. Brown 和P. L. Gerbarg, “Sudarshan Kriya Yogic Breathing in the Treatment of Stress, Anxiety, and Depression: Part II: Clinical Applications and Guidelines,” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 11 (2005): 711-17; C. C. Streeter等，“Yoga Asana Sessions Increase Brain GABA Levels: A Pilot Study,” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 13 (2007): 419-26；以及C. C. Streeter等，“Effects of Yoga Versus Walking on Mood, Anxiety, and Brain GABA Levels: A Randomized Controlled MRS Study,” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 16 (2010): 1145-52.
7. 有數十篇科學論文顯示瑜伽對各種醫療狀況的正面影響，以下是一小部分實例：S. B. Khalsa, “Yoga as a Therapeutic Intervention”; P. Grossman等，“Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction and Health Benefits: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 57 (2004): 35-43; K. Sherman等，“Comparing Yoga, Exercise, and a Self-Care Book for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized, Controlled Trial,” Annals of Internal Medicine 143 (2005): 849-56; K. A. Williams等，“Effect of Iyengar Yoga Therapy for Chronic Low Back Pain,” Pain 115 (2005): 107-17; R. B. Saper等，“Yoga for Chronic Low Back Pain in a Predominantly Minority Population: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial,” Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 15 (2009): 18-27; J. W. Carson等，“Yoga for Women with Metastatic Breast Cancer: Results from a Pilot Study,” Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 33 (2007): 331-41.
8. 貝塞爾．范德寇等，“Yoga as an Adjunctive Therapy for PTSD,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 75, no. 6 (June 2014): 559-65.
9. 加州有一間公司HeartMath發展出一些輕巧的裝置和電腦遊戲，不但好玩又可有效達到更佳的心率變異度。迄今尚未有人研究過像Heartmath公司這類簡單的裝置是否能減少創傷後壓力症的症狀，不過可能性相當大。（請見www.heartmath.org）
10. 本章寫作時iTune上有二十四種應用程式宣稱可幫助增加心率變異度，例如emWave, HeartMath, and GPS4Soul.
11. 貝塞爾．范德寇，“Clinical Implications of Neuroscience Research in PTSD,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1071, no. 1 (2006): 277-93.
12. S. Telles等，“Alterations of Auditory Middle Latency Evoked Potentials During Yogic Consciously Regulated Breathing and Attentive State of Mind,” International Journal of Psychophysiology 14, no. 3 (1993): 189-98。亦見於P. L. Gerbarg, “Yoga and Neuro-Psychoanalysis,” in Bodies in Treatment: The Unspoken Dimension, ed. Frances Sommer Anderson (New York, Analytic Press, 2008), 127-50.
13. 大衛．艾默森和E. Hopper, Overcoming Trauma Through Yoga: Reclaiming Your Body (Berkeley, North Atlantic Books, 2011).
14. 安東尼歐．達馬吉歐，《感覺發生的事》（The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness）(New York, Hartcourt, 1999).
15. 「內感受」是這種基本自我感知能力的科學名稱。心理受創者的腦部造影研究一再顯示出與身體意識有關的腦區有問題，尤其是稱為腦島的部位。吉姆．賀伯等，“Neural Correlates of Reexperiencing, Avoidance, and Dissociation in PTSD: Symptom Dimensions and Emotion dDsregulation in Responses to Script–Driven Trauma Imagery,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 20, no. 5 (2007): 713-25。亦見於 I. A. Strigo等，“Neural Correlates of Altered Pain Response in Women with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder from Intimate Partner Violence,” Biological Psychiatry 68, no. 5 (2010): 442-50; G. A. Fonzo等，“Exaggerated and Disconnected Insular-Amygdalar Blood Oxygenation Level-Dependent Response to Threat-Related Emotional Faces in Women with Intimate-Partner Violence Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” Biological Psychiatry 68, no. 5 (2010): 433-41；保羅．弗瑞文等，“Social Emotions and Emotional Valence During Imagery in Women with PTSD: Affective and Neural Correlates,” Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 2, no. 2 (2010): 145-57; K. Felmingham等，“Dissociative Responses to Conscious and Non-conscious Fear Impact Underlying Brain Function in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder,” Psychological Medicine 38, no. 12 (2008): 1771-80; A. N. Simmons等，“Functional Activation and Neural Networks in Women with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Related to Intimate Partner Violence,” Biological Psychiatry 64, no. 8 (2008): 681-90; R. J. L. Lindauer等，“Effects of Psychotherapy on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow During Trauma Imagery in Patients with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial,” Psychological Medicine 38, no. 4 (2008): 543-54以及A. Etkin和T. D. Wager, “Functional Neuroimaging of Anxiety: A Meta-Analysis of Emotional Processing in PTSD, Social Anxiety Disorder, and Specific Phobia,” 《美國精神醫學期刊》164, no. 10 (2007): 1476-88.
16. J. C. Nemiah and P. E. Sifneos, “Psychosomatic Illness: A Problem in Communication,” Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 18, no. 1-6 (1970): 154-60。亦見於G. J. Taylor, R. M. Bagby和J. D. A. Parker, Disorders of Affect Regulation: Alexithymia in Medical and Psychiatric Illness (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
17. 安東尼歐．達馬吉歐，《感覺發生的事》（The Feelings of What Happens: Body and Emotion and the Making of Consciousness）(Random House, 2000), 28.
18. 貝塞爾．范德寇，“Clinical Implications of Neuroscience Research in PTSD,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1071, no. 1 (2006): 277-93。亦見於布麗塔．霍澤爾等，“How Does Mindfulness Meditation Work? Proposing Mechanisms of Action from a Conceptual and Neural Perspective,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 6, no. 6 (2011): 537-59.
19. 布麗塔．霍澤爾等，“Mindfulness Practice Leads to Increases in Regional Brain Gray Matter Density,” Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 191, no. 1 (2011): 36-43。亦見於布麗塔．霍澤爾等，“Stress Reduction Correlates with Structural Changes in the Amygdala,” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 5, no. 1 (2010): 11-17以及莎拉．拉扎爾等，“Meditation Experience Is Associated with Increased Cortical Thickness,” NeuroReport 16 (2005): 1893-97.
1. R. A. Goulding和理查．薛瓦茲，The Mosaic Mind: Empowering the Tormented Selves of Child Abuse Survivors (New York: Norton, 1995), 4.
2. J. G. Watkins和H. H. Watkins, Ego States (New York: Norton, 1997)。榮格將人格角色稱為原型（archetypes）和情結（complexes），認知心理學系統和解離性身份障礙症（DID）的文獻則稱之為交替者（alters）。亦見於J. G. Watkins和H. H. Watkins, “Theory and Practice of Ego State Therapy: A Short-Term Therapeutic Approach,” Short-Term Approaches to Psychotherapy 3 (1979): 176-220; J. G. Watkins和H. H. Watkins, “Ego States and Hidden Observers,” Journal of Altered States of Consciousness 5, no. 1 (1979): 3-18；以及榮格，Lectures: Psychology and Religion (New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 1960).
3. 威廉．詹姆斯，《心理學原理》(New York: Holt, 1890), 206.
4. 榮格，Collected Works, vol. 9, The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1955/1968), 330.
5. 榮格，Collected Works, vol. 10, Civilization in Transition (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957/1964), 540.
6. 同上。p. 133.
7. 邁克．葛詹尼加，《社交大腦》（The Social Brain: Discovering the Networks of the Mind）(New York: Basic Books, 1985), 90.
8. 同上。p. 356.
9. 馬文．明斯基，The Society of Mind (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988), 51.
10. Goulding和薛瓦茲，Mosaic Mind, p. 290.
11. 歐諾．凡德赫特，艾勒．奈恩黑斯和凱西．斯帝爾，The Haunted Self: Structural Dissociation and the Treatment of Chronic Traumatization (New York: WW Norton, 2006); R. P. Kluft, Shelter from the Storm ( self-published, 2013).
12. 理查．薛瓦茲，Internal Family Systems Therapy (New York: Guilford Press, 1995).
13. 同上。p. 34.
14. 同上。p. 19.
15. Goulding和薛瓦茲，Mosaic Mind, 63.
16. J. G. Watkins曾在一九九七年以此作為將憂鬱人格化的實例：「我們毋需知曉憂鬱的想像意義是什麼、誰或哪個人物為此所苦。」
17. 理查．薛瓦茲，私人書信。
18. Goulding和薛瓦茲，Mosaic Mind, 33.
19. A. W. Evers等，“Tailored Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis for Patients at Risk: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Pain 100, no. 1-2 (2002): 141-53; E. K. Pradhan等，“Effect of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients,” Arthritis & Rheumatology 57, no. 7 (2007): p. 1134-42; J. M. Smyth等，“Effects of Writing About Stressful Experiences on Symptom Reduction in Patients with Asthma or Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Trial,” JAMA 281, no. 14 (1999): 1304-9; L. Sharpe等，“ Long-Term Efficacy of a Cognitive Behavioural Treatment from a Randomized Controlled Trial for Patients Recently Diagnosed with Rheumatoid Arthritis,” Rheumatology (Oxford) 42, no. 3 (2003): 435-41; H. A. Zangi等，“A Mindfulness-Based Group Intervention to Reduce Psychological Distress and Fatigue in Patients with Inflammatory Rheumatic Joint Diseases: A Randomised Controlled Trial,” Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 71, no. 6 (2012): 911-17.
1. 佩索博伊登系統精神運動治療，見http://pbsp.com/.
2. D. Goleman, Social Intelligence: The New Science of Human Relationships (Random House Digital, 2006).
3. 艾伯特．佩索，“PBSP: Pesso Boyden System Psychomotor,” in Getting in Touch: A Guide to Body-Centered Therapies, ed. S. Caldwell (Wheaton, IL: Theosophical Publishing House, 1997)；艾伯特．佩索，Movement in Psychotherapy: Psychomotor Techniques and Training (New York: New York University Press, 1969)；艾伯特．佩索，Experience in Action: A Psychomotor Psychology (New York: New York University Press, 1973)；艾伯特．佩索和J. Crandell, eds., Moving Psychotherapy: Theory and Application of Pesso System/Psychomotor (Cambridge, MA: Brookline Books, 1991); M. Scarf, Secrets, Lies, and Betrayals (New York: Ballantine Books, 2005); M. van Attekum, Aan Den Lijve (Netherlands: Pearson Assessment, 2009)；和艾伯特．佩索，“The Externalized Realization of the Unconscious and the Corrective Experience,” in Handbook of Body-Psychotherapy / Handbuch der Körperpsychotherapie, ed. H. Weiss and G. Marlock (Stuttgart,Germany: Schattauer, 2006).
4. Luiz Pessoa和Ralph Adolphs, “Emotion Processing and the Amygdala: from a ‘Low Road' to ‘Many Roads' of Evaluating Biological Significance.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 11, no. 11 (2010): 773-83.
1. H. H. Jasper, P. Solomon和C. Bradley, “Electroencephalographic Analyses of Behavior Problem Children,”《美國精神醫學期刊》95 (1938): 641-58; P. Solomon, H. H. Jasper和C. Braley, “Studies in Behavior Problem Children,” American Neurology and Psychiatry 38 (1937): 1350-51.
2. 哈佛大學的馬丁．泰契爾做過大量的研究，證明童年受虐者在成年後有顳葉異常：馬丁．泰契爾等，“The Neurobiological Consequences of Early Stress and Childhood Maltreatment,” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 27, no. 1-2 (2003): 33-44；馬艾丁．泰契爾等，“Early Childhood Abuse and Limbic System Ratings in Adult Psychiatric Outpatients,” Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences 5, no. 3 (1993): 301-6；馬艾丁．泰契爾等，“Sticks, Stones and Hurtful Words: Combined Effects of Childhood Maltreatment Matter Most,”《美國精神醫學期刊》(2012).
3. 瑟本．費雪，Neurofeedback in the Treatment of Developmental Trauma: Calming the Fear-Driven Brain (New York: Norton, 2014).
4. J. N. Demos, Getting Started with Neurofeedback (New York: WW Norton, 2005)。亦見於R. J. Davidson, “Affective Style and Affective Disorders: Prospectives from Affective Neuroscience,” Cognition and Emotion 12, no. 3 (1998): 307-30；以及R. J. Davidson等，“Regional Brain Function, Emotion and Disorders of Emotion,” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 9 (1999): 228-34.
5. 喬．卡米亞，“Conscious Control of Brain Waves,” Psychology Today, April 1968, 56-60。亦見於D. P. Nowlis和喬．卡米亞，“The Control of Electroencephalographic Alpha Rhythms Through Auditory Feedback and the Associated Mental Activity,” Psychophysiology 6, no. 4 (1970): 476-84以及D. Lantz和巴瑞．史德曼，“Neuropsychological Assessment of Subjects with Uncontrolled Epilepsy: Effects of EEG Feedback Training,” Epilepsia 29, no. 2 (1988): 163-71.
6. 巴瑞．史德曼，L. R. Macdonald和R. K. Stone, “Biofeedback Training of the Sensorimotor Electroencephalogram Rhythm in Man: Effects on Epilepsy,” Epilepsia 15, no. 3 (1974): 395-416.最近有一份針對八十七項研究的後設分析顯示，接受神經回饋訓練的癲癇病人當中有八十％明顯降低發作頻率。Gabriel Tan等，“Meta-Analysis of EEG Biofeedback in Treating Epilepsy,” Clinical EEG and Neuroscience 40, no. 3 (2009): 173-79.
7. 這就是第五章所描述的關係著自我意識的迴路的一部分。Alvaro Pascual-Leone已說明如果有人用穿顱磁刺激（transcranial magnetic stimulation, TMS）暫時將內側前額葉皮質上方的區域擊倒，受試者會暫時無法辨認出在鏡子裡所看到的人是誰。J. Pascual-Leone, “Mental Attention, Consciousness, and the Progressive Emergence of Wisdom,” Journal of Adult Development 7, no. 4 (2000): 241-54.
8. http:// www.eegspectrum.com/intro-to-neurofeedback/.
9. 史考特．羅許等，“Symptom Provocation Study Using Positron Emission Tomography and Script Driven Imagery,” Archives of General Psychiatry 53 (1996): 380-87。另有三篇研究使用新的腦部造影方法，也就是腦磁波儀（magnetoencephalography, MEG），顯示出創傷後壓力症患者的右顳葉皮質活化增多。C. Catani等，“Pattern of Cortical Activation During Processing of Aversive Stimuli in Traumatized Survivors of War and Torture,” European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 259, no. 6 (2009): 340-51; B. E. Engdahl等，“ Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: A Right Temporal Lobe Syndrome?” Journal of Neural Engineering 7, no. 6 (2010): 066005; A. P. Georgopoulos等，“The Synchronous Neural Interactions Test as a Functional Neuromarker for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Robust Classification Method Based on the Bootstrap,” Journal of Neural Engineering 7. no. 1 (2010): 016011.
10. 以Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS)進行測量而得。
11. 以John Briere的Inventory of Altered Self-Capacities (IASC)測量而得。
12. 後段及中心的α節律是由丘腦皮質網路產生的；β節律看起來是由local 皮質網路產生的，而額葉中線θ節律（人腦中唯一健康的θ節律）假設是由septohippocampal 神經網絡所產生的。有一篇最近的討論是J. Kropotov, Quantitative EEG, ERP's And Neurotherapy (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2009).
13. H. Benson, “The Relaxation Response: Its Subjective and Objective Historical Precedents and Physiology,” Trends in Neurosciences 6 (1983): 281-84.
14. Tobias Egner和約翰．顧塞利爾，“Ecological Validity of Neurofeedback: Modulation of Slow Wave EEG Enhances Musical Performance,” Neuroreport 14 no. 9 (2003): 1221-4; David J. Vernon, “Can Neurofeedback Training Enhance Performance? An Evaluation of the Evidence with Implications for Future Research,” Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 30, no. 4 (2005): 347-64.
15. “Vancouver Canucks Race to the Stanley Cup—Is It All in Their Minds?” BioMedical.com, June 2, 2011, http://bio-medical.com.news.2011/06/vancouver-canucks-race-to-the-stanley-cup-is-it-all-in-their-minds/.
16. M. Beauregard, Brain Wars (New York: Harper Collins, 2013), p. 33.
17. 約翰．顧塞利爾、T. Egner和D. Vernon, “Validating the Efficacy of Neurofeedback for Optimising Performance,” Progress in Brain Research 159 (2006): 421-31。亦見於D. Vernon和約翰．顧塞利爾，“Electroencephalographic Biofeedback as a Mechanism to Alter Mood, Creativity and Artistic Performance,” in Mind-Body and Relaxation Research Focus, ed. B. N. De Luca (New York: Nova Science, 2008), 149-64.
18. 例如M. Arns等，“Efficacy of Neurofeedback Treatment in ADHD: The Effects on Inattention, Impulsivity and Hyperactivity: A Meta-Analysis,” Clinical EEG and Neuroscience 40, no. 3 (2009): 180-89; T. Rossiter, “The Effectiveness of Neurofeedback and Stimulant Drugs in Treating AD/HD: Part I: Review of Methodological Issues,” Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 29, no. 2 (June 2004): 95-112; T. Rossiter, “The Effectiveness of Neurofeedback and Stimulant Drugs in Treating AD/ HD: Part II: Replication,” Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 29, no. 4 (2004): 233-43；以及L. M. Hirshberg, S. Chiu和J. A. Frazier, “Emerging Brain-Based Interventions for Children and Adolescents: Overview and Clinical Perspective,” Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 14, no. 1 (2005): 1-19.
19. 關於量化腦電波圖的更詳細介紹，見http://thebrainlabs.com/qeeg.shtml.
20. N. N. Boutros, M. Torello和T. H. McGlashan, “Electrophysiological Aberrations in Borderline Personality Disorder: State of the Evidence,” Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 15 (2003): 145-54.
21. 第十七章曾提到，培養穩定、平靜的自我觀察非常重要，內部家族系統治療稱此為「自在」（being in self）。理查．薛瓦茲表示，任何人只要堅持下去都可達到這個狀態，我的確看過他幫助受創極深的人做到了。我的技巧還不夠純熟，我有許多極嚴重受創的病人會在我們觸及痛苦的主題時發狂或是精神恍惚，也有一些病人覺得自己長年失控，很難找到持久的「自我」感覺。在大多數的精神醫學背景下，有這些問題的人會接受藥物治療來穩定病情，有時藥物可以奏效，但許多病人會喪失動機和幹勁。我們隨機進行的神經回饋控制研究中，長年受創的病人的創傷後壓力症症狀減少大約30％，並且管理功能和情緒控制也有重大改善。（范德寇等，submitted 2014）
22. 感覺統合失調的心理受創兒童需要專門為他們的需要而發展的課程，目前這方面工作的帶領者是我的創傷中心同事麗茲．華納和英屬哥倫比亞大學的Adele Diamond。
23. R. J. Castillo, “Culture, Trance, and the Mind-Brain,” Anthropology of Consciousness 6, no. 1 (March 1995): 17-34。亦見於B. Inglis, Trance: A Natural History of Altered States of Mind (London: Paladin, 1990); N. F. Graffin, W. J. Ray和R. Lundy, “EEG Concomitants of Hypnosis and Hypnotic Susceptibility,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 104, no. 1 (1995): 23-31；丹尼爾．沙克特，“EEG Theta Waves and Psychological Phenomena: A Review and Analysis,” Biological Psychology 5, no. 1 (1977): 47-82；以及M. E. Sabourin等，“EEG Correlates of Hypnotic Susceptibility and Hypnotic Trance: Spectral Analysis and Coherence,” International Journal of Psychophysiology 10, no. 2 (1990): 125-42.
24. 尤金．佩尼斯頓和保羅．考科斯基，“Alpha-Theta Brainwave Neuro-Feedback Therapy for Vietnam Veterans with Combat-Related Post-traumatic Stress Disorder,” Medical Psychotherapy 4 (1991): 47-60.
25. T. M. Sokhadze, R. L. Cannon和D. L. Trudeau, “EEG Biofeedback as a Treatment for Substance Use Disorders: Review, Rating of Efficacy and Recommendations for Further Research,” Journal of Neurotherapy 12, no. 1 (2008): 5-43.
26. R. C. Kessler, “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: The Burden to the Individual and to Society,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 61, suppl. 5 (2000): 4-14。亦見於R. Acierno等，“Risk Factors for Rape, Physical Assault, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Women: Examination of Differential Multivariate Relationships,” Journal of Anxiety Disorders 13, no. 6 (1999): 541-63；以及H. D. Chilcoat和N. Breslau, “Investigations of Causal Pathways Between PTSD and Drug Use Disorders,” Addictive Behaviors 23, no. 6 (1998): 827-40.
27. S. L. Fahrion等，“Alterations in EEG Amplitude, Personality Factors, and Brain Electrical Mapping After Alpha-Theta Brainwave Training: A Controlled Case Study of an Alcoholic in Recovery,” Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 16, no. 3 (June 1992): 547-52; R. J. Goldberg, J. C. Greenwood和Z. Taintor, “Alpha Conditioning as an Adjunct Treatment for Drug Dependence: Part 1,” International Journal of Addiction 11, no. 6 (1976): 1085-89; R. F. Kaplan等，“Power and Coherence Analysis of the EEG in Hospitalized Alcoholics and Nonalcoholic Controls,” Journal of Studies on Alcohol 46 (1985): 122-27; Y. Lamontagne等，“Alpha and EMG Feedback Training in the Prevention of Drug Abuse: A Controlled Study,” Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal 22, no. 6 (October 1977): 301-10; Saxby和尤金．佩尼斯頓，“Alpha-Theta Brainwave Neurofeedback Training: An Effective Treatment for Male and Female Alcoholics with Depressive Symptoms,” Journal of Clinical Psychology 51, no. 5 (1995): 685-93; W. C. Scott等，“Effects of an EEG Biofeedback Protocol on a Mixed Substance Abusing Population,” American Journal Drug and Alcohol Abuse 31, no. 3 (2005): 455-69；以及D. L. Trudeau, “Applicability of Brain Wave Biofeedback to Substance Use Disorder in Adolescents,” Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 14, no. 1 (January 2005): 125-36.
28. 尤金．佩尼斯頓，“EMG Biofeedback-Assisted Desensitization Treatment for Vietnam Combat Veterans Post-traumatic Stress Disorder,” Clinical Biofeedback and Health 9 (1986): 35-41.
29. 尤金．佩尼斯頓和Paul J. Kulkosky. “Alpha-Theta Brainwave Neurofeedback for Vietnam Veterans with Combat-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.” Medical Psychotherapy 4, no. 1 (1991): 47-60.
30. 七年後也有另一個小組提出類似的結果：W. C. Scott等，“Effects of an EEG Biofeedback Protocol on a Mixed Substance Abusing Population,” American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 31, no. 3 (2005): 455-69.
31. D. L. Trudeau, T. M. Sokhadze和R. L. Cannon, “Neurofeedback in Alcohol and Drug Dependency,” in Introduction to Quantitative EEG and Neurofeedback: Advanced Theory and Applications, ed. T. Budzynski等，Amsterdam, Elsevier, (1999) pp. 241-68; F. D. Arani, R. Rostami和M. Nostratabadi, “Effectiveness of Neurofeedback Training as a Treatment for Opioid-Dependent Patients,” Clinical EEG and Neuroscience 41, no. 3 (2010): 170-77; F. Dehghani-Arani, R. Rostami和H. Nadali, “Neurofeedback Training for Opiate Addiction: Improvement of Mental Health and Craving,” Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 38, no. 2 (2013): 133-41; J. Luigjes等，“Neuromodulation as an Intervention for Addiction: Overview and Future Prospects,” Tijdschrift voor psychiatrie 55, no. 11 (2012): 841-52.
32. S. Othmer, “Remediating PTSD with Neurofeedback,” October 11, 2011, http://hannokirk.com/files/Remediating-PTSD_10-01-11.pdf.
33. 弗蘭克．達非，“The State of EEG Biofeedback Therapy (EEG Operant Conditioning) in 2000: An Editor's Opinion,” an editorial in Clinical Electroencephalography 31, no. 1 (2000): v-viii.
34. 湯瑪士．殷賽爾，“Faulty Circuits,” 《美國科學人》雜誌302, no. 4 (2010): 44-51.
35. 湯瑪士．殷賽爾，“Transforming Diagnosis,” National Insitute of Mental Health, Director's Blog, April 29, 2013, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/director/2013/transforming -diagnosis.shtml.
36. Joshua W. Buckholtz和Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, “Psychopathology and the Human Connectome: Toward a Transdiagnostic Model of Risk For Mental Illness,” Neuron 74, no. 4 (2012): 990-1004.
37. 法蘭西斯．柯林斯，“The Symphony Inside Your Brain,” NIH Director's Blog, November 5, 2012, http://directorsblog.nih.gov/2012/11/05/the0symphony-inside-your-brain/.
1. F. Butterfield, “David Mamet Lends a Hand to Homeless Vietnam Veterans,” 《紐約時報》October 10, 1998。有關這個新的收容所的更多資訊，請見： http://www.nechv. org/historyatnechv.html.
2. P. Healy, “The Anguish of War for Today's Soldiers, Explored by Sophocles,” 《紐約時報》November 11, 2009。有關Doerries的計畫的更多資訊，請見：http://www. outsidethewirellc.com/projects/ theater-of-war/overview.
3. Sara Krulwich, “The Theater of War,”《紐約時報》November 11, 2009.
4. 威廉．麥克尼爾，Keeping Together in Time: Dance and Drill in Human History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997).
5. 普魯塔克，Lives, vol. 1 (Digireads.com, 2009), 58.
6. M. Z. Seitz, “The Singing Revolution,” 《紐約時報》December 14, 2007.
7. 有關都會即興劇場的更多資訊，請見：http://www.urbanimprov.org/.
8. 創傷中心的網站提供一份完整版的四年級都會即興劇場方案，可供全國各地的教師下載運用。網址：http://www.traumacenter.org/initiatives/psychosocial.php.
9. 有關希望計畫的更多資訊，請見：http://the-possibility-project.org/.
10. 有關莎士比亞在法庭的更多資訊，請見：http://www.shakespeare.org/education/for-youth/shakespeare-courts/.
11. C. Kisiel等，“Evaluation of a Theater-Based Youth Violence Prevention Program for Elementary School Children,” Journal of School Violence 5, no. 2 (2006): 19-36.
12. 都會即興劇場和創傷中心的帶領者是Amie Alley博士、瑪格麗特．布勞斯坦博士、Toby Dewey醫師、Ron Jones、Merle Perkins、Kevin Smith、Faith Soloway、約瑟夫．史畢納左拉博士。
13. H. Epstein和緹娜．佩克，The Shakespeare & Company Actor Training Experience (Lenox MA, Plunkett Lake Press, 2007); H. Epstein, Tina Packer Builds a Theater (Lenox, MA: Plunkett Lake Press, 2010).