1 但我認為它們不會回來了：Cheng Ting-Fan, “TSMC Founder Morris Chang Says Globalization Almost Dead,” Nikkei Asia, Dec 7, 2022. https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Most-read-in-2022/TSMC-founder-Morris-Chang-says-globalization-almost-dead
2 3奈米製程的晶圓廠：Steve Holland and Jane Lanhee Lee, “TSMC Triples Arizona Chip Plant Investment,” Reuters Dec 7, 2022, https://www.reuters.com/technology/biden-visit-taiwans-tsmc-chip-plant-arizona-hail-supply-chain-fixes-2022-12-06/
3 並不是一直那麼振奮：“Building Fabs in Arizona ‘Old Dream Revived,’” Focus Taiwan, Dec 7, 2022, https://focustaiwan.tw/business/202212070024
4 這個決定是由現任董事長做的：Podcast with Morris Chang, Brookings Institute, April 14, 2022, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Vying-for-Talent-Morris-Chang-20220414.pdf
5 美國要擔心的，不單只是晶片而已：Interview with Ron Norris, 2021; Mike Rogoway, “TSMC’s Morris Chang Explains Wafertech’s Failure,” Oregon Live, April 22, 2022, https://www.oregonlive.com/silicon-forest/2022/04/tsmcs-morris-chang-explains-wafertechs-failure-in-camas-calls-push-for-us-chip-revival-an-exercise-in-futility.html
6 高超音速飛彈：Demetri Sevastopoulo, “China tests new space capability,” Financial Times, Oct. 16, 2021, https://www.ft.com/content/ba0a3cde-719b-4040-93cb-a486e1f843fb
7 註定會失敗：“Doomed to fail”: Kathrin Hille and Demetri Sevastopoulo, “TSMC: The Taiwanese Chipmaker Caught up in the Tech Cold War,” Financial Times, Oct 24, 2022, https://www.ft.com/content/bae9756a-3bce-4595-b6c9-8082fd735aa0
8 台積電從2013年起開始生產這種晶片：https://www.tsmc.com/english/dedicatedFoundry/technology/logic/l_16_12nm
9 受到衝擊的人數更多：Liza Lin and Karen Hao, “American Executives in Limbo at Chinese Chip Companies after U.S. Ban,” Wall Street Journal, Oct 16, 2022, https://www.wsj.com/articles/american-executives-in-limbo-at-chinese-chip-companies-after-u-s-ban-11665912757?mod=article_inline
1 印太地區動向資料：“USS Mustin Transits the Taiwan Strait,” Navy Press Releases, August 19, 2020, https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/Press-Releases/display-pressreleases/Article/2317449/uss-mustin-transits-the-taiwan-strait/#images-3; Sam LaGrone, “Destroyer USS Mustin Transits Taiwan Strait Following Operations with Japanese Warship,” USNI News, August 18, 2020, https://news.usni.org/2020/08/18/destroyer-uss-mustin-transits-taiwan-strait-following-operations-with-japanese-warship.
2 進行演練：“China Says Latest US Navy Sailing Near Taiwan ‘Extremely Dangerous,’” Straits Times, August 20, 2020, https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/china-says-latest-us-navy-sailing-near-taiwan-extremely-dangerous; Liu Xuanzun, “PLA Holds Concentrated Military Drills to Deter Taiwan Secessionists, US,” Global Times, August 23, 2020, https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202008/1198593.shtml.
3 晶片鎖喉（chip choke）策略：「鎖喉」這個詞是由Murray Scott首創，他的《Zen on Tech》電子報影響了我對半導體地緣政治的看法。
4 四分之一的收入來自手機：Antonio Varas, Raj Varadarajan, Jimmy Goodrich, and Falan Yinug, “Strengthening the Global Semiconductor Supply Chain in an Uncertain Era,” Semiconductor Industry Association, April 2021, exhibit 2, https://www.semiconductors.org/wp-content/up10ads/2021/05/BCG-x-SIA-Strengthening-the-Global-Semiconductor-Value-Chain-April-2021_1.pdf; 按美元計價的話，手機占半導體銷售額的26％。
5 採購大部分的現成晶片：“iPhone 12 and 12 Pro Teardown,” IFixit, October 20, 2020, https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/iPhone+12+and+12+Pro+Teardown/137669.
6 人類歷史上最昂貴的工廠：“A Look Inside the Factory Around Which the Modern World Turns,” Economist, December 21, 2019.
7 118億個微小電晶體：Angelique Chatman, “Apple iPhone 12 Has Reached 100 Million Sales, Analyst Says,” CNET, June 30, 2021; Omar Sohail, “Apple A14 Bionic Gets Highlighted with 11.8 Billion Transistors,” WCCFTech, September 15, 2020.
8 不是 118 億個，而是 4 個：Isy Haas, Jay Last, Lionel Kattner, and Bob Norman moderated by David Laws, “Oral History of Panel on the Development and Promotion of Fairchild Micrologic Integrated Circuits,” Computer History Museum, October 6, 2007, https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102658200-05-01-acc.pdf; interview with David Laws, 2022.
9 每個位元約2美分：Gordon E. Moore, “Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits,” Electronics 38, No. 8 (April 19, 1965), https://newsroom.intel.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/05/moores-law-electronics.pdf; Intel 1103 data from “Memory Lane,” Nature Electronics 1 (June 13, 2018), https://www.nature.com/articles/s41928-018-0098-9.
10 三分之一是來自台灣製造的晶片：根據半導體協會的資料，2019年37％的邏輯晶片在台灣生產; Varas et al., “Strengthening the Global Semiconductor Supply Chain in an Uncertain Era.”
11 都是由台積電生產：Varas et al., “Strengthening the Global Semiconductor Supply Chain in an Uncertain Era,” p. 35.
12 無法取得需要的半導體：Mark Fulthorpe and Phil Amsrud, “Global Light Vehicle Production Impacts Now Expected Well into 2022,” IHS Market, August 19, 2021, https://ihsmarkit.com/research-analysis/global-light-vehicle-production-impacts-now-expected-well-into.html.
13 44％的記憶晶片：Varas et al., “Strengthening the Global Semiconductor Supply Chain in an Uncertain Era.”
14 最高機密的安全許可：訪問張忠謀, 2022.
1 勤奮好學的年輕工程師：Details on Morita's life are from Akio Morita, Made in Japan: Akio Morita and Sony (HarperCollins, 1987).
2 擊即將到來：Morris C. M. Chang, The Autobiography of Morris C. M. Chang (Commonwealth Publishing, 2018). Thanks to Mindy Tu for help with translation.
3 那場席捲亞洲的鋼鐵颱風：Andrew Grove, Swimming Across (Warner Books, 2002), p. 52.
4 切腹自殺：John Nathan, Sony: A Private Life (Houghton Mifflin, 2001), p. 16.
5 打橋牌：Chang, Autobiography of Morris C. M. Chang.
6 追熱飛彈：Morita, Made in Japan, p. 1.
7 製成表格：David Alan Grier, When Computers Were Human (Princeton University Press, 2005), ch. 13; Mathematical Tables Project, Table of Reciprocals of the Integers from 100,000 through 200,009 (Columbia University Press, 1943).
8 落在離目標30米的範圍內：Robert P. Patterson, The United States Strategic Bombing Survey: Summary Report (United States Department of War, 1945), p. 15, in The United States Strategic Bombing Surveys (Air University Press, 1987), https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/AUPress/Books/B_0020_SPANGRUD_STRATEGIC_BOMBING_SURVEYS.pdf.
9 「除蟲」（debug）：T. R. Reid, The Chip (Random House, 2001), p. 11.
10 1 萬 8 千根真空管：Derek Cheung and Eric Brach, Conquering the Electron: The Geniuses, Visionaries, Egomaniacs, and Scoundrels Who Built Our Electronic Age (Roman & Littlefield, 2011), p. 173.
1 一種叫「半導體」的東西：Joel Shurkin, Broken Genius: The Rise and Fall of William Shockley, Creator of the Electronic Age (Macmillan, 2006)是對蕭克利最好的描述，亦參見Michael Riordan and Lillian Hoddeson, Crystal Fire: The Birth of the Information Age (Norton, 1997).
2 把原子結合起來：Gino Del Guercio and Ira Flatow, “Transistorized!” PBS, 1999, https://www.pbs.org/Oansistor/tv/script1.html.
3 「固態開關」理論：Riordan and Hoddeson, Crystal Fire, esp. pp. 112-114.
4 半導體材料理論：這裡對電晶體的描述大量引用Riordan and Hoddeson, Crystal Fire, and Cheung and Brach, Conquering the Electron.
5 自己設計出了一種開關：Cheung and Brach, Conquering the Electron, pp. 206-207.
6 執行運算任務：Riordan and Hoddeson, Crystal Fire, p. 165; “SCIENCE 1948: Little Brain Cell,” Time, 1948, http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,952095,00.html.
1 也能登上《華爾街日報》：Cheung and Brach, Conquering the Electron, p. 228.
2 授權給其他公司：同前, p. 214.
3 電晶體系統的電路所造成的複雜性：訪問Ralph Calvin, 2021; Jay W. Lathrop, an oral history conducted in 1996 by David Morton, IEEE History Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
4 在貝爾實驗室以外使用電晶體的人之一：Jack Kilby interview by Arthur L. Norberg, Charles Babbage Institute, June 21, 1984, pp. 11-19, https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/r107410/oh074jk.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
5 生產聲納設備：Caleb III Pirtle, Engineering the World: Stories from the First 75 Years of Texas Instruments (Southern Methodist University Press, 2005), p. 29.
6 組裝多個元件：David Brock and David Laws, “The Early History of Microcircuitry,” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 34, No. 1 (January 2012), https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6109206; T. R. Reid, The Chip (Random House, 2001).
7 快捷半導體（Fairchild Semiconductor）：Shurkin, Broken Genius, p. 173; “Gordon Moore,” PBS, 1999, https://www.pbs.org/transistor/album1/moore/index.html; 關於快捷半導體的其他重要書籍，包括Arnold Thackray, David C. Brock, and Rachel Jones, Moore's Law: The Life of Gordon Moore, Silicon Valley’s Quiet Revolutionary (Basic, 2015), and Leslie Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip: Robert Noyce and the Invention of Silicon Valley (Oxford University Press, 2005).
8 並不曉得基爾比的存在：“1959: Practical Monolithic Integrated Circuit Concept Patented,” Computer History Museum, https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/practical-monolithic-integrated-circuit-concept-patented/; Christophe Lecuyer and David Brock, Makers of the Microchip (MIT Press, 2010); Robert N. Noyce, Semiconductor Device-and-Lead Structure, USA, 2981877, filed Jul 30, 1959 and issued Apr 25, 1961, https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/e1/73/1e/7404cd5ad6325c/US2981877.pdf; Michael Riordan, “The Silicon Dioxide Solution,” IEEE Spectrum, December 1, 2007, https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-silicon-dioxide-solution; Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, pp. 53-81.
9 製造成本是50倍：Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, p. 112.
1 「蘇聯的『月亮』繞著地球轉」：“Satellite Reported Seen over S.F.,” San Francisco Chronicle, October 5, 1957, p. 1.
2 信任危機：Robert Divine, The Sputnik Challenge (Oxford, 1993). 關於冷戰對美國科學的影響，我的看法是受到底下作品的影響：Margaret O'Mara, Cities of Knowledge: Cold War Science and the Search for the Next Silicon Valley (Princeton University Press, 2015); Audra J. Wolfe, Competing with the Soviets: Science, Technology, and the State in Cold War America (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013); and Steve Blank, “Secret History of Silicon Valley,” Lecture at the Computer History Museum, November 20, 2008, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZTC_RxWN_xo.
3 預計產生的電力還多：Eldon C. Hall, Journey to the Moon: The History of the Apollo Guidance Computer (American Institute of Aeronautics, 1996), pp. xxi, 2; Paul Cerruzi, “The Other Side of Moore's Law: The Apollo Guidance Computer, the Integrated Circuit, and the Microelectronics Revolution, 1962-1975,” in R. Lanius and H. McCurdy, NASA Spaceflight (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018).
4 看那東西是不是真的：Hall, Journey to the Moon, p. 80.
5 耗電量也比較少：Hall, Journey to the Moon, pp. xxi, 2, 4, 19, 80, 82; Tom Wolfe, “The Tinkerings of Robert Noyce,” Esquire, December 1983.
6 2100萬美元：Robert N. Noyce, “Integrated Circuits in Military Equipment,” Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Spectrum, June 1964; Christophe Lecuyer, “Silicon for Industry: Component Design, Mass Production, and the Move to Commercial Markets at Fairchild Semiconductor, 1960-1967,” History and Technology 16 (1999): 183; Michael Riordan, “The Silicon Dioxide Solution,” IEEE Spectrum, December 1, 2007, https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-silicon-dioxide-solution.
7 已降至15美元：Hall, Journey to the Moon, p. 83.
8 向軍方銷售電子系統：Charles Phipps, “The Early History of ICs at Texas Instruments: A Personal View,” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 34, No. 1 (January 2012): 37-47.
9 每件電子產品中：Norman J. Asher and Leland D. Strom, “The Role of the Department of Defense in the Development of Integrated Circuits,” Institute for Defense Analyses, May 1, 1977, p. 54.
10 彷彿能預測一切：訪問Bill Heye, 2021; 訪問張忠謀, 2022.
11 義勇兵二型導彈（Minuteman II missile）：Patrick E. Haggerty, “Strategies, Tactics, and Research,” Research Management 9, No. 3 (May 1966): 152-153.
12 輸入導引電腦：Marshall William McMurran, Achieving Accuracy: A Legacy of Computers and Missiles (Xlibris US, 2008), p. 281.
13 當時真的選擇不多：訪問 Bob Nease、Marshall McMurran、Steve Roemerman, 2021; David K. Stumpf, Minuteman: A Technical History of the Missile That Defined American Nuclear Warfare (University of Arkansas Press, 2020), p. 214; Patrick E. Haggerty, “Strategies, Tactics, and Research,” Research Management 9, No. 3 (May 1966): 152-153; 亦參見 Bob Nease and D. C. Hendrickson, A Brief History of Minuteman Guidance and Control (Rockwell Autonetics Defense Electronics, 1995); McMurran, Achieving Accuracy, ch. 12. 感謝 David Stumpf與我分享了Nease與Henderson的論文。
14 民兵導彈計畫：Asher and Strom, “The Role of the Department of Defense in the Development of Integrated Circuits,” p. 83; Hall, Journey to the Moon, p. 19; “Minuteman Is Top Semiconductor User,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, July 26, 1965, p. 83.
1 正式到德州儀器上班：Correspondence with Jay Lathrop, 2021; 訪問 Walter Cardwell, 2021; 訪問 John Gowdy, 2021; Jay Lathrop and James R. Nall, Semiconductor Construction, USA, 2890395A, filed October 31, 1957, and issued June 9, 1959, https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/e2/4d/4b/8d90caa48db31b/US2890395.pdf; Jay Lathrop, “The Diamond Ordinance Fuze Laboratory's Photolithographic Approach to Microcircuits,” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 35, No. 1 (2013): 48-55.
2 檢查工程師的實驗：Correspondence with Jay Lathrop, 2021; 訪問Mary Anne Potter, 2021.
3 全天候的測試：訪問 Mary Anne Potter, 2021; Mary Anne Potter, “Oral History,” Transistor Museum, September 2001, http://www.semiconductormuseum.com/Transistors/TexasInstruments/OralHistories/Potter/Potter_Page2.htm.
4 加入德州儀器：Chang, Autobiography of Morris Chang; “Stanford Engineering Hero Lecture: Morris Chang in Conversation with President John L. Hennessy,” Stanford Online, YouTube Video, April 25, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEh3ZgbvBrE.
5 而必須報廢：Oral History of Morris Chang, interviewed by Alan Patterson, Computer History Museum, August 24, 2007; 訪問張忠謀, 2022.
6 那不算待過德儀：訪問Bill Heye與Gil Varnell, 2021.
7 良率大幅提升到25％：Oral History of Morris Chang, interviewed by Alan Patterson, Computer History Museum, August 24, 2007.
8 到達拉斯學習他的方法：Tekla S. Perry, “Morris Chang: Foundry Father,” Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Spectrum, April 19, 2011, https://spectrum.ieee.org/at-work/tech-careers/morris-chang-foundry-father.
9 公司就不用開了：David Laws, “A Company of Legend: The Legacy of Fairchild Semiconductor,” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 32, No. 1 (January 2010): 64.
10 我們倆一拍即合：Charles E. Sporck and Richard Molay, Spinoff: A Personal History of the Industry That Changed the World (Saranac Lake Publishing, 2001), pp. 71-72; Christophe Lecuyer, “Silicon for Industry”: 45.
1 從魚雷到遙測系統：Asher and Strom, “The Role of the Department of Defense in the Development of Integrated Circuits,” p. 74.
2 95％以上的積體電路：Robert Noyce, “Integrated Circuits in Military Equipment,” IEEE Spectrum (June 1964): 71.
3 他們通常也不是職業軍官：Thomas Heinrich, “Cold War Armory: Military Contracting in Silicon Valley,” Enterprise & Society 3, No. 2 (June 2002): 269; Lecuyer, “Silicon for Industry”: 186.
4 Zenith的助聽器：Reid, The Chip, p. 151.
5 要冒險才算投資：Dirk Hanson, The New Alchemists: Silicon Valley and the Microelectronics Revolution (Avon Books, 1983), p. 93.
6 洛克希德馬丁公司遙遙領先：US Government Armed Services Technical Information Agency, Survey of Microminiaturization of Electronic Equipment, P. V. Horton and T. D. Smith, AD269 300, Arlington, VA: Air Force Ballistic Missile Division Air Research Development Command, United States Air Force, 1961, pp. 23, 37, 39, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD0269300.
7 摩爾定律：Moore, “Cramming More Computers onto Integrated Circuits.”
8 就是好生意：Asher and Strom, “The Role of the Department of Defense in the Development of Integrated Circuits,” p. 73; Herbert Kleiman, The Integrated Circuit: A Case Study of Product Innovation in the Electronics Industry (George Washington University Press, 1966), p. 57.
9 更多的客戶來試用晶片：Lecuyer, “Silicon for Industry”: esp. 189, 194, 222; Kleiman, The Integrated Circuit, p. 212; Ernest Braun and Stuart Macdonald, Revolution in Miniature: The History and Impact of Semiconductor Electronics (Cambridge University Press, 1982), p. 114.
10 市占率是 80％：Asher and Strom, “The Role of the Department of Defense in the Development of Integrated Circuits,” p. 64; Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, p. 138; Lecuyer, “Silicon for Industry”: 180, 188.
11 一樣重大的創新：“Oral History of Charlie Sporck,” Computer History Museum, YouTube Video, March 2, 2017, 1:11:48, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=duMUvoKP-pk; Asher and Strom, “The Role of the Department of Defense in the Development of Integrated Circuits,” p. 73; Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, p. 138.
12 「悄然施行的社會主義」：Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, p. 120.
13 「我——要——去——賺——大——錢。」：Michael Malone, The Intel Trinity (Michael Collins, 2014), p. 31.
1 來到了帕羅奧圖：Y. Nosov, “Tranzistor—Nashe Vse. K Istorii Velikogo Otkrytiya,” Elektronika, 2008, https://www.electronics.ru/journal/article/363; A. F. Trutko, IREX Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; for “Crothers Memorial Hall,” see the Stanford 1960 Yearbook.
2 領先二到四年：CIA, “Production of Semiconductor Devices in the USSR,” CIA/RR, November 1959, 59-44.
3 更令人振奮的任務了：訪問Lev Lapkis、Valery Kotkin、Sergei Osokin、Sergey Sudjin, 2021; 關於蘇聯對美國出版品的研究：N. S. Simonov, Nesostoyavshayasya Informatsionnaya Revolyutsiya (Universitet Dmitriya Pozharskogo, 2013), pp. 206-207; “Automate the Boss' Office,” Business Week, April 1956, p. 59; A. A. Vasenkov, “Nekotorye Sobytiya iz Istorii Mikroelekroniki,” Virtualnyi Kompyuternyi Muzei, 2010, https://computer-museum.ru/books/vasenkov/vasenkov3-1.htm; B. Malashevich, “Pervie Integralnie Skhemi,” Virtualnyi Kompyuternyi Muzei, 2008, https://www.computer-museum.ru/histekb/integral_1.htm.
4 人造衛星的蹤影：訪問Lev Lapkis、Valery Kotkin、Sergey Sudjin.
5 電視可以做成菸盒大小：A. A. Shokin, Ocherki Istorii Rossiiskoi Elektroniki, v. 6 (Tehnosfera, 2014), p. 520.
6 俄羅斯的猶太人：在蘇聯，沙蘭特改名為 Philip Staros，巴爾改名為 Joseph Berg；關於他們的職務細節，我主要是援引 Steven T. Usdin, Engineering Communism (Yale University Press, 2005).
7 想出了他們的版本：Usdin, Engineering Communism, p. 175; Simonov, Nesostoyavshayasya Informatsionnaya Revolyutsiya, p. 212. 關於巴爾與沙蘭特的影響規模，俄羅斯的微電子專家對此有一些爭論。他們不是獨自創造出蘇聯的電腦業，但顯然扮演重要的角色。
8 赫魯雪夫抵達當地：Usdin, Engineering Communism, pp. 203-209.
9 這是我們的未來：Shokin, Ocherki Istorii Rossiiskoi Elektroniki, v. 6, pp. 522-523, 531.
1 給你們三個月的時間：Simonov, Nesostoyavshayasya Informatsionnaya Revolyutsiya, p. 210; see also A. A. Vasenkov, “ Nekotorye Sobytiya iz Istorii Mikroelekroniki,” Virtualnyi Kompyuternyi Muzei, 2010, https://computer-museum.ru/books/vasenkov/vasenkov3-1.htm; Boris Malin file, IREX Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C; Shokin, Ocherki Istorii Rossiiskoi Elektroniki v. 6, p. 543.
2 在莫斯科學不到的東西：B. Malashevich, “Pervie Integralnie Shemi,” Virtualnyi Kompyuternyi Muzei, 2008, https://www.computer-museum.ru/histekb/integral_1.htm; Simonov, Nesostoyavshayasya Informatsionnaya Revolyutsiya, p. 65; Oral History of Yury R. Nosov, interviewed by Rosemary Remackle, Computer History Museum, May 17, 2012, pp. 22-23.
3 都處於落後狀態：Ronald Amann et al., The Technological Level of Soviet Industry (Yale University Press, 1977).
4 更精準地抄襲美國的設計：A. A. Vasenkov, “Nekotorye Sobytiya iz Istorii Mikroelekroniki,” Virtualnyi Kompyuternyi Muzei, 2010, https://computer-museum.ru/books/vasenkov/vasenkov3-1.htm; B. V. Malin, “Sozdanie Pervoi Otechestvennoi Mikroshemy,”Virtualnyi Kompyuternyi Muzei, 2000, https://www.computer-museum.ru/technlgy/su_chip.htm.
5 談論他的發明：訪問Sergei Osokin, 2021.
1 跟「電晶體推銷員」沒兩樣：這篇關於盛田昭夫訪問的報導，取自Miina Matsuyama翻譯的日文資訊；參見Nick Kapur, Japan at the Crossroads After Anpo (Harvard University Press, 2018), p. 84; Shiota Ushio, Tokyo Wa Moetaka (Kodansha, 1988); Shintaro Ikeda, “The Ikeda Administration's Diplomacy Toward Europe and the ‘Three-Pillar’ Theory,” Hiroshima Journal of International Studies 13 (2007); Kawamura Kazuhiko, Recollections of Postwar Japan, S25 (History Study Group, 2020).
2 是更好的風險：Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State, “National Security Council Report,” in David W. Mabon, ed., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Japan, Volume XXIII, Part 1 (United States Government Printing Office, 1991), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v23p1/d28; Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State, “No. 588 Note by the Executive Secretary (Lay) to the National Security Council,” in David W. Mabon and Harriet D. Schwar, eds., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954, China and Japan, Volume XIV, Part 2 (United States Government Printing Office, 1985), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v14p2/d588.
3 以科技與科學強國的形式重生：Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State, “National Security Council Report.”
4 一個有趣的消息：Bob Johnstone, We Were Burning: Japanese Entrepreneurs and the Forging of the Electronic Age (Basic Books, 1999), p. 16; Makoto Kikuchi, an oral history conducted in 1994 by William Aspray, IEEE History Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
5 心跳就會開始加快：Makoto Kikuchi, “How a Physicist Fell in Love with Silicon in the Early Years of Japanese R&D,” in H. R. Huff, H. Tsuya, and U. Gosele, eds., Silicon Materials Science and Technology, v. 1 (The Electrochemical Society, Inc., 1998), p. 126; Makoto Kikuchi, an oral history conducted in 1994 by William Aspray, IEEE History Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Johnstone, We Were Burning, p. 15.
6 沒見過那麼多閃光燈：Vicki Daitch and Lillian Hoddeson, True Genius: The Life and Science of John Bardeen: The Only Winner of Two Nobel Prizes in Physics (Joseph Henry Press, 2002), pp. 173-174.
7 那看起來很「神奇」：Nathan, Sony, p. 13; Morita, Made in Japan, pp. 70-71.
8 似乎什麼都有：Morita, Made in Japan, p. 1.
9 「不可原諒的荒謬行為」：Hyungsub Choi, “Manufacturing Knowledge in Transit: Technical Practice, Organizational Change, and the Rise of the Semiconductor Industry in the United States and Japan, 1948-1960,” PhD dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, 2007, p. 113; Johnstone, We Were Burning, p. xv.
10 但我們知道：Simon Christopher Partner, “Manufacturing Desire: The Japanese Electrical Goods Industry in the 1950s,” PhD dissertation, Columbia University, 1997, p. 296; Andrew Pollack, “Akio Morita, Co-Founder of Sony and Japanese Business Leader, Dies at 78,” New York Times, October 4, 1999.
11 電晶體收音機：Pirtle, Engineering the World, pp. 73-74; Robert J. Simcoe, “The Revolution in Your Pocket,” American Heritage 20, No. 2 (Fall 2004).
12 給了快捷：John E. Tilton, International Diffusion of Technology: The Case of Semiconductors (Brookings Institution, 1971), pp. 57, 141, 148; “Leo Esaki Facts,” The Nobel Foundation, https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1973/esaki/facts/.
13 消費電子領域的索尼：Johnstone, We Were Burning, ch. 1 and pp. 40-41.
14 激增到約二十年後的600億美元：Kenneth Flamm, “Internationalization in the Semiconductor Industry,” in Joseph Grunwald and Kenneth Flamm, eds., The Global Factory: Foreign Assembly in International Trade (Brookings Institution, 1985), p. 70; Bundo Yamada, “Internationalization Strategies of Japanese Electronics Companies: Implications for Asian Newly Industrializing Economies (NIEs),” OECD Development Centre, October 1990, https://www.oecd.org/japan/33750058.pdf.
15 他們的淨利：Choi, Manufacturing Knowledge in Transit, pp. 191-192.
16 尋求經濟支持：“Marketing and Export: Status of Electronics Business,” Electronics, May 27, 1960, p. 95.
17 製造電晶體收音機的：Henry Kissinger, “Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, April 10, 1973, 11:13 a.m.-12:18 p.m.,” in Bradley Lynn Coleman, David Goldman, and David Nickles, eds., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, Volume E-12, Documents on East and Southeast Asia, 1973-1976 (Government Printing Office, 2010), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve12/d293.
18 幫你們打通關：訪問 Bill Heye, 2021; 訪問張忠謀, 2022; J. Fred Bucy, Dodging Elephants: The Autobiography of J. Fred Bucy (Dog Ear Publishing, 2014), pp. 92-93.
19 國民所得翻倍的目標：Johnstone, We Were Burning, p. 364.
1 東方古老的樂趣上：Paul Daniels, The Transistor Girls (Stag, 1964).
2 非常注重效率：Eugene J. Flath interview by David C. Brock, Science History Institute, February 28, 2007.
3 管你們去死：Oral History of Charlie Sporck, Computer History Museum; Sporck and Molay, Spinoff: A Personal History of the Industry That Changed the World.
4 提高生產力：Andrew Pollack, “In the Trenches of the Chip Wars, a Struggle for Survival,” New York Times, July 2, 1989; Sporck and Molay, Spinoff, p. 63; Oral History of Charlie Sporck, Computer History Museum.
5 裝配線的工作：Glenna Matthew, Silicon Valley, Women, and the California Dream: Gender, Class, and Opportunity in the Twentieth Century (Stanford University Press, 2002), ch. 1-3.
6 也只能靠手工完成：Sporck and Molay, Spinoff, pp. 87-88.
7 斯波克很快就搭機去看了：Sporck and Molay, Spinoff, pp. 91-93; William F. Finan, Matching Japan in Quality: How the Leading U.S. Semiconductor Firms Caught Up with the Best in Japan (MIT Japan Program, 1993), p. 61; Julius Blank interview by David C. Brock, Science History Institute, March 20, 2006, p. 10; Oral History of Julius Blank, interviewed by Craig Addison, Computer History Museum, January 25, 2008.
8 願意忍受單調的工作：John Henderson, The Globalisation of High Technology Production (Routledge, 1989), p. 110; Sporck and Molay, Spinoff, p. 94; Harry Sello Oral History interview by Craig Addison, SEMI, April 2, 2004.
9 成本會貴得驚人：Sporck and Molay, Spinoff, p. 95; Oral History of Charlie Sporck, Computer History Museum.
10 南韓是 10 美分：William F. Finan, “The International Transfer of Semiconductor Technology Through U.S.-Based Firms,” NBER Working Paper no. 118, December 1975, pp. 61-62.
11 「幾乎是禁止」工會的：Craig Addison, Oral History Interview with Clements E. Pausa, June 17, 2004.
12 在東方從來沒有這種問題：Oral History of Charlie Sporck, Computer History Museum; 另參閱電腦歷史博物館（Computer History Museum）中有關工會、工資協商、國際勞工組織（International Labor Organization）規則的廣泛討論, “Fairchild Oral History Panel: Manufacturing and Support Services,” October 5, 2007.
1 戰場上飄起的縷縷煙霧：訪問Bill Heye, 2021.
2 投下的炸彈還多：Samuel J. Cox, “H-017-2: Rolling Thunder—A Short Overview,” Naval History and Heritage Command, March 27, 2018, https://www.history.navy.mil/about-us/leadership/director/directors-corner/h-grams/h-gram-017/h-017-2.html#:~:text=These%20U.S.%20strikes%20dropped%20864%2C000,years%20of%20World%20War%20II.
3 竟然只有四例：Barry Watts, Six Decades of Guided Munitions and Battle Networks: Progress and Prospects (Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, 2007), p. 133.
4 根本沒擊中目標：US Government Naval Air Systems Command, “Report of the Air-to-Air Missile System Capability Review July-November 1968,” AD-A955-143, Naval History and Heritage Command, April 23, 2021, https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/naval-aviation-history/ault-report.html; Watts, Six Decades of Guided Munitions, p. 140.
5 基本上是不可能的：James E. Hickey, Precision-Guided Munitions and Human Suffering in War (Routledge, 2016), p. 98.
6 必要的組件：訪問 Steve Roemerman, 2021; Paul G. Gillespie, “Precision Guided Munitions: Constructing a Bomb More Potent Than the A-Bomb,” PhD dissertation, Lehigh University, 2002.
7 常在訓練與戰場上使用：訪問Steve Roemerman, 2021.
8 像平價家庭轎車一樣的武器：訪問Steve Roemerman, 2021.
9 德儀能幫上忙嗎？“Obituary of Colonel Joseph Davis Jr.,” Northwest Florida Daily News, August 24-26, 2014; Gillespie, “Precision Guided Munitions,” pp. 117-118; Walter J. Boyne, “Breaking the Dragon's Jaw,” Air Force Magazine, August 2011, pp. 58-60, https://www.airforcemag.com/PDF/MagazineArchive/Documents/2011/August%2020110811jaw.pdf. Vernon Loeb, “Bursts of Brilliance,” Washington Post, December 15, 2002.
10 M117炸彈：Gillespie, “Precision Guided Munitions,” p. 116.
11 精準摧毀的工具：同前, pp. 125, 172.
12 狂妄豪語：William Beecher, “Automated Warfare Is Foreseen by Westmoreland After Vietnam,” New York Times, October 14, 1969. 然而，國防理論家已經意識到，精準打擊的武器將改變戰爭; 參見James F. Digby, Precision-Guided Munitions: Capabilities and Consequences, RAND Paper P-5257, June 1974, and The Technology of Precision Guidance: Changing Weapon Priorities, New Risks, New Opportunities, RAND Paper P-5537, November 1975.
1 僅限於酒吧與舞女：“Taiwan's Development of Semiconductors Was Not Smooth Sailing,” tr. Claus Soong, Storm Media, June 5, 2019, https://www.storm.mg/article/1358975?mode=whole.000.
2 第一根真空管：“Mark Shepherd Jr. Obituary,” Dallas Morning News, February 6-8, 2009; Ashlee Vance, “Mark Shepherd, a Force in Electronics, Dies at 86,” New York Times, February 9, 2009.
3 欺負落後國家的東西：“Taiwan's Development of Semiconductors was not Smooth Sailing”; 訪問張忠謀, 2022.
4 經濟援助：David W. Chang, “U.S. Aid and Economic Progress in Taiwan,” Asian Survey 5, No. 3 (March 1965): 156; Nick Cullather, “‘Fuel for the Good Dragon’: The United States and Industrial Policy in Taiwan, 1950-1960,” Diplomatic History 20, No. 1 (Winter 1996): 1.
5 這項計畫的核心：Wolfgang Saxon, “Li Kwoh-ting, 91, of Taiwan Dies; Led Effort to Transform Economy,” New York Times, June 2, 2001.
6 工資也會維持在低檔：“Taiwan’s Development of Semiconductors was not Smooth Sailing.”
7 已突破10億個：L. Sophia Wang, K.T. LI and the Taiwan Experience (National Tsing Hua University Press, 2006), p. 216; “TI Taiwan Chronology,” in Far East Briefing Book, Texas Instruments Papers, Southern Methodist University Library, October 18, 1989.
8 「吸收新加坡的失業」：Henry Kissinger, “Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, April 10, 1973, 11:13 a.m.-12:18 p.m.,” in Bradley Lynn Coleman, David Goldman, and David Nickles, eds., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, Volume E-12, Documents on East and Southeast Asia, 1973-1976 (Government Printing Office, 2010), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve12/d293; Linda Lim and Pang Eng Fong, Trade, Employment and Industrialisation in Singapore (International Labour Office, 1986), p. 156.
9 南韓、台灣與東南亞：Joseph Grunwald and Kenneth Flamm, The Global Factory: Foreign Assembly in International Trade (Brookings Institution Press, 1994), p. 100.
10 收入較高的工作：Kenneth Flamm, “Internationalization in the Semiconductor Industry,” in Grunwald and Flamm, The Global Factory, p. 110; Lim and Pang Eng Fong, Trade, Employment and Industrialisation in Singapore, p. 156; Hong Kong Annual Digest of Statistics (Census and Statistics Department, 1984), table 3.12, https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/data/stat_report/product/B1010003/att/B10100031984AN84E0100.pdf; G. T. Harris and Tai Shzee Yew, “Unemployment Trends in Peninsular Malaysia During the 1970s,” ASEAN Economic Bulletin 2, No. 2 (November 1985): 118−132.
11 繼續在台灣發展：Meeting with Prime Minister Li, Taipei, September 23, 1977, and Reception/Buffett—Taipei. September 23, 1977. Mark Shepherd Remarks, in Mark Shepherd Papers, Correspondence, Reports, Speeches, 1977, Southern Methodist University Library, folder 90-69; Associated Press, “Mark Shepherd Jr.; led Texas Instruments,” Boston Globe, February 9, 2009.
1 創立自己的電子公司：“Marge Scandling, “2 of Founders Leave Fairchild; Form Own Electronics Firm,” Palo Alto Times, August 2, 1968.
2 這波爆炸性的成長：Lucien V. Auletta, Herbert J. Hallstead, and Denis J. Sullivan, “Ferrite Core Planes and Arrays: IBM's Manufacturing Evolution,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 5, No. 4 (December 1969); John Markoff, “IBM's Robert H. Dennard and the Chip That Changed the World,” IBM, November 7, 2019, https://www.ibm.com/blogs/think/2019/11/ibms-robert-h-dennard-and-the-chip-that-changed-the-world/.
3 來看半導體：Emma Neiman, “A Look at Stanford Computer Science, Part I: Past and Present,” Stanford Daily, April 15, 2015; “Interview with Marcian E. Hoff, Jr., 1995 March 03,” Stanford Libraries, March 3, 1995, https://exhibits.stanford.edu/silicongenesis/catalog/jj158jn5943.
4 比英特爾的更強大：Robert N. Noyce and Marcian E. Hoff, “A History of Microprocessor Development at Intel,” IEEE Micro 1, No. 1 (February 1981); Ted Hoff and Stan Mazor interview by David Laws, Computer History Museum, September 20, 2006; “Ted Hoff: The Birth of the Microprocessor and Beyond,” Stanford Engineering, November 2006.
5 掀起一場革命：Sarah Fallon, “The Secret History of the First Microprocessor,” Wired, December 23, 2020; Ken Shirriff, “The Surprising Story of the First Microprocessors,” IEEE Spectrum, August 30, 2016.
6 這將改變世界：Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, p. 205; Gordon Moore, “On Microprocessors,” IEEE, 1976; Ross Knox Bassett, To the Digital Age (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), p. 281; Malone, The Intel Trinity, pp. 177-178; Gene Bylinsky, “How Intel Won Its Bet on Memory Chips,” Fortune, November 1973; Fallon, “The Secret History of the First Microprocessor.”
7 裝滿了Raytheon 2N706電晶體：訪問Carver Mead, 2021.
8 無窮的運算力：Carver Mead, “Computers That Put the Power Where It Belongs,” Engineering and Science XXXVI, No. 4 (February 1972).
9 破壞學校的小伙子才不是：Gene Bylinsky, “How Intel Won Its Bet on Memory Chips.”
1 軍事方面的頂尖專家：William Perry interview by Russell Riley, University of Virginia's The Miller Center, February 21, 2006; William J. Perry, My Journey at the Nuclear Brink (Stanford Security Studies, 2015), ch. 1-2.
2 購買晶片：訪問William Perry, 2021; Zachary Wasserman, “Inventing Startup Capitalism,” PhD dissertation, Yale University, 2015.
3 機床廠工作：Andrew Krepinevich and Barry Watts, The Last Warrior: Andrew Marshall and the Shaping of Modern American Defense Strategy (Basic Books, 2015), pp. 4, 9, 95.
4 領先優勢：A. W. Marshall, “Long-Term Competition with the Soviets: A Framework for Strategic Analysis,” Rand Corporation, R-862-PR, April 1972, https://www.rand.og/pubs/reEorts/R862.html.
5 500億美元的資金：Testimony of William Perry, Senate Committee on Armed Services, Department of Defense, Authorization for Appropriations for FY 79, Part 8: Research and Development, 96th United States Congress, 1979, pp. 5506-5937; Kenneth P. Werrell, The Evolution of the Cruise Missile (Air University Press, 1985), p. 180.
6 區分鯨魚與潛艇：Richard H. Van Atta, Sidney Reed, and Seymour J. Deitchman, DARPA Technical Accomplishments Volume II (Institute for Defense Analyses, 1991), p. “12-2.”
7 這樣的新系統：Werrell, Evolution of the Cruise Missile, p. 136.
8 「突擊破壞者」（Assault Breaker）：Van Atta et al., DARPA Technical Accomplishments Volume II, pp. 5—10.
9 部署『智慧型』武器：訪問Steve Roemerman, 2021; William J. Perry interview by Alfred Goldberg, Office of the Secretary of Defense, January 9, 1981.
10 「耍花樣」：Fred Kaplan, “Cruise Missiles: Wonder Weapon or Dud?” High Technology, February 1983; James Fallows, National Defense (Random House, 1981), p. 55; William Perry, “Fallows' Fallacies: A Review Essay,” International Security 6, No. 4 (Spring 1982): 179.
11 「老古板」：William Perry interview by Russell Riley, University of Virginia's The Miller Center, February 21, 2006.
1 跟地獄沒兩樣：訪問Richard Anderson, 2021; Michael Malone, Bill and Dave: How Hewlett and Packard Built the World’s Greatest Company (Portfolio Hardcover, 2006); “Market Conditions and International Trade in Semiconductors,” Field Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Trade of the Committee of Ways and Means, House of Representatives, 96th Congress, April 28, 1980.
2 「咖嚓、咖嚓」國度：Michael Malone, The Big Score (Stripe Press, 2021), p. 248; Jorge Contreras, Laura Handley, and Terrence Yang, “Breaking New Ground in the Law of Copyright,” Harvard Law Journal of Technology 3 (Spring 1990).
3 10倍以上：Rosen Electronics Newsletter, March 31, 1980.
4 「長尾」：Malone, The Intel Trinity, p. 284; Fred Warshofsky, Chip War: The Battle for the World of Tomorrow (Scribner, 1989), p. 101.
5 最先進的積體電路：TPS-L2: User Manual (Sony Corporation, 1981), p. 24.
6 3.85億台隨身聽：“Vol. 20: Walkman Finds Its Way into the Global Vocabulary,” Sony, https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/History/capsule/20/.
7 競爭有多激烈：Oral History of Charlie Sporck, Computer History Museum.
1 無法中途放棄搏鬥：Mark Simon, “Jerry Sanders/Silicon Valley's Tough Guy,” San Francisco Chronicle, October 4, 2001; Thomas Skornia, A Case Study in Realizing the American Dream: Sanders and Advanced Micro Devices: The First Fifteen Years, 1969-1984 (1984), https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2019/01/102721657-05-01-acc.pdf.
2 必須擊倒、奮戰、宰了對方：Oral History of Charlie Sporck, Computer History Museum.
3 技術、生產力、品質的經濟戰：Michael S. Malone, “Tokyo, Calif,” New York Times, November 1, 1981; Oral History of Charlie Sporck, Computer History Museum.
4 日立的員工遭到逮捕：Thomas C. Hayes, “American Posts Bail as Details of Operation by F.B.I. Unfold,” New York Times, June 25, 1982.
5 建造更安靜的潛艇：Wende A. Wrubel, “The Toshiba-Kongsberg Incident: Shortcomings of Cocom, and Recommendations for Increased Effectiveness of Export Controls to the East Bloc,” American University International Law Review 4, No. 1 (2011).
6 進一步證據：Stuart Auerbach, “CIA Says Toshiba Sold More to Soviet Bloc,” Washington Post, March 15, 1988.
7 數十億美元的銷售額：Michael E. Porter and Mariko Sakakibara, “Competition in Japan,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 18, No. 1 (Winter 2004): 36; The Effect of Government Targeting on World Semiconductor Competition (Semiconductor Industry Association, 1983), pp. 69-74.
8 約一半的預算：Kiyonari Sakakibara, “From Imitation to Innovation: The Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) Semiconductor Project in Japan,” Working Paper, MIT Sloan School of Management, October 1983, https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/172L1/47985.
9 至少也要付出18％：Reid, The Chip, p. 224.
10 早就被逼到破產了：The Effect of Government Targeting on World Semiconductor Competition, p. 67.
11 借款利率卻比較低：Jeffrey A. Frankel, “Japanese Finance in the 1980s: A Survey,” National Bureau of Economic Research, 1991; 家庭儲蓄、家庭消費、銀行貸款占GDP的百分比是取自data.worldbank.org.
12 持續飆升：P. R. Morris, A History of the World Semiconductor Industry (Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1990), p. 104; Robert Burgelman and Andrew S. Grove, Strategy Is Destiny: How Strategy-Making Shapes a Company’s Future (Free Press, 2002), p. 35.
13 繼續建造新的設施：Scott Callan, “Japan, Disincorporated: Competition and Conflict, Success and Failure in Japanese High-Technology Consortia,” PhD dissertation, Stanford University, 1993, p. 188, Table 7.14; Clair Brown and Greg Linden, Chips and Change: How Crisis Reshapes the Semiconductor Industry (MIT Press, 2009).
1 「最炙手可熱的高科技公司」之一：Clayton Jones, “Computerized Laser Swiftly Carves Circuits for Microchips,” Christian Science Monitor, March 10, 1981; David E. Sanger, “Big Worries Over Small GCA,” New York Times, January 19, 1987.
2 在加州101號公路上往返：Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, pp. 94, 119. 感謝Chris Mack為我指出這點。
3 投彈瞄準器：訪問Chris Mack, 2021; 訪問Dave Markle, 2021; Perkin Elmer, “Micralign Projection Mask Alignment System,” The Chip History Center, https://www.chiphistory.org/154-perkin-elmer-micralign-projection-mask-alignment-system; Daniel P. Burbank, “The Near Impossibility of Making a Microchip,” Invention and Technology (Fall 1999); Alexis C. Madrigal, “TOP SECRET: Your Briefing on the CIA's Cold-War Spy Satellite, ‘Big Bird,’ ” Atlantic, December 29, 2011; Chris Mack, “Milestones in Optical Lithography Tool Suppliers,” http://www.lithoguru.com/scientist/litho_history/milestones_tools.pdf.
4 拍攝蘇聯的照片：James E. Gallagher interview by Craig Addison, SEMI, March 9, 2005; Arthur W. Zafiropoulo interview by Craig Addison, SEMI, May 25, 2006; Geophysics Corporation of America, “About Our Corporation Members,” Bulletin American Meteorological Society, December 12, 1962; Jones, “Computerized Laser Swiftly Carves Circuits for Microchips.”
5 走到GCA的展區：訪問Griff Resor, 2021; “Griff Resor on Photolithography,” Semi-History, YouTube video, January 30, 2009, 2:30, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OKfdHZCEfmY.
6 第一台步進曝光機：“Griff Resor on Photolithography,” SemiHistory, YouTube video, January 30, 2009, 2:30, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OKfdHZCEfmY; Chris Mack, “Milestones in Optical Lithography Tool Suppliers,”http://www.lithoguru.com/scientist/litho_history/milestones_tools.pdf; “GCA Burlington Division Shipment History of All 4800 DSW's as of September 1980,” p. 1, in the possession of the author.
7 連股價也跟著飆漲：Sales data from Rebecca Marta Henderson, “The Failure of Established Firms in the Face of Technical Change,” PhD dissertation, Harvard University, 1988, p. 217; Jones, “Computerized Laser Swiftly Carves Circuits for Microchips.”
8 揮霍無度：訪問Peter Bealo、Ross Young、Bill Tobey, 2021; James E. Gallagher interview by Craig Addison, SEMI, March 9, 2005.
9 我們只有格林伯格：訪問Bill Tobey、Jim Neroda、Peter Bealo, 2021; Ross Young, Silicon Sumo (Semiconductor Services, 1994), p. 279; Charles N. Pieczulewski, “Benchmarking Semiconductor Lithography Equipment Development & Sourcing Practices Among Leading Edge Manufacturers,” Master's thesis, MIT, 1995, p. 54.
10 客戶已經受夠了：訪問Bill Tobey, Jim Neroda, and Peter Bealo, 2021; Young, Silicon Sumo, p. 279.
11 刻在晶片上的圖案：訪問Griff Resor, 2021.
12 「紙上興業主義」（paper entrepreneurialism）：Robert Reich, The Next American Frontier (Crown, 1983), p. 159.
13 「反應遲鈍」：訪問Gil Varnell, 2021; Rebecca Marta Henderson, “The Failure of Established Firms in the Face of Technical Change,” p. 225; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Export Administration, Office of Strategic Industries and Economic Security, Strategic Analysis Division, National Security Assessment of the U.S. Semiconductor Wafer Processing Industry Equipment (1991), pp. 4-10.
14 那個時數的10倍：Henderson, “The Failure of Established Firms in the Face of Technical Change,” pp. 220-222, 227; 訪問AMD的前高管, 2021.
15 扭轉局勢的計畫：訪問Pete Bealo與Bill Tobey, 2021; Henderson, “The Failure of Established Firms in the Face of Technical Change,” pp. 222-225; Jay Stowsky, “The Weakest Link: Semiconductor Production Equipment, Linkages, and the Limits to International Trade,” working paper, University of California, Berkeley, September 1987, p. 2.
16 稍微鬆口氣：Arthur W. Zafiropoulo interview by Craig Addison, SEMI, May 25, 2006; 訪問Peter Bealo與Jim Neroda, 2021.
1 屋頂如寶塔狀傾斜的屋子裡：Skornia, Sanders and Advanced Micro Devices, p. 138; Daryl Savage, “Palo Alto: Ming's Restaurant to Close Dec. 28,” Palo Alto Online, December 18, 2014, https://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2014/12/18/mings-restaurant-to-close-dec-28.
2 「1980年代的原油」：Arthur L. Robinson, “Perilous Times for U.S. Microcircuit Makers,” Science 208, No. 4444 (May 9, 1980): 582; Skornia, Sanders and Advanced Micro Devices, p. 140.
3 「半導體業的沙烏地阿拉伯」：Marvin J. Wolf, The Japanese Conspiracy: The Plot to Dominate Industry Worldwide (New English Library, 1984), p. 83.
4 最敏感的東西：David E. Sanger, “Big Worries Over Small GCA,” New York Times, January 19, 1987.
5 「不需要任何人幫忙的矽谷牛仔」：訪問Richard Van Atta, 2021.
6 四個關鍵結論：Defense Science Board, Report on Defense Semiconductor Dependency —February 1987, pp. 1-2.
7 沒有半導體，你將寸步難行：Oral History of Charlie Sporck, Computer History Museum.
1 沒有落後嗎？Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, p. 264.
2 而不是軍方：Richard Langlois and Edward Steinmueller, “Strategy and Circumstance,” working paper, University of Connecticut, 1999, p. 1166.
3 都是一百美元啊：Clyde V. Prestowitz, Jr., “Beyond Laissez Faire,” Foreign Policy, No. 87 (Summer 1992): 71; email exchange with Michael Boskin, 2021; 雖然許多文章一再引述這句話，但我找不到他確實說過這句話的證據。
4 投資創投公司：Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, p. 262; John G. Rauch, “The Realities of Our Times,” Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal 3, No. 2 (1993): 412.
5 幾乎毫無變化：Wolf, The Japanese Conspiracy, pp. 5, 91;訪問Alan Wolff, 2021; Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, p. 270.
6 主導著DRAM市場：Doug Irwin, “Trade Politics and the Semiconductor Industry,” NBER working paper W4745, May 1994.
7 半導體製造技術聯盟（Sematech）：Young, Silicon Sumo, pp. 262-263.
8 只有30％的時間在運行：同前, pp. 268-269; 訪問英特爾借調到Sematech的員工, 2021; Larry D. Browning and Judy C. Shetler, Sematech: Saving the U.S. Semiconductor Industry (Texas A&M Press, 2000).
9 研討會：訪問英特爾借調到Sematech的員工, 2021.
10 「一半問題」：Robert Noyce, testifying before a Congressional committee, November 8, 1989; Peter N. Dunn, “GCA: A Lesson in Industrial Policy,” Solid State Technology 36, No. 2 (December 1993); Young, Silicon Sumo, pp. 270-276.
11 你已經完了：訪問Peter Simone, 2021.
12 國產設備：訪問Peter Simone, 2021.
13 走在時代的尖端：訪問嚴濤南, 2021; 訪問Peter Simone, 2021; Young, Silicon Sumo, pp. 262, 285.
14 無法說服英特爾放棄Nikon：Young, Silicon Sumo, p. 286.
15 政府也無能為力：Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, p. 304; Young, Silicon Sumo, pp. 294-295; Jonathan Weber, “Chip Making Pioneer GCA Corp. Closes Factory: Technology: $60 Million in Government Funds Has Failed to Restore Massachusetts Firm to Financial Health,” Los Angeles Times, May 22, 1993.
1 「某種傲慢」：Morita, Made in Japan, pp. 73, 110-120, 134.
2 肯定有十場飯局：Nathan, Sony, p. 73.
3 就是運作得比較好：Morita, Made in Japan, pp. 193, 199, 205.
4 芥川獎：Ann Sherif, “The Aesthetics of Speed and the Illogicality of Politics: Ishihara Shintaro's Literary Debut,” Japan Forum 17, No. 2 (2005): 185-211.
5 成為世界第一：Wolf, The Japanese Conspiracy, p. 16.
6 非常重要的國家：Akio Morita and Shintaro Ishihara, The Japan That Can Say No (Konbusha Publishing Ltd., 1996).
7 有如放大版的丹麥：Samuel Huntington, “Why International Primacy Matters,” International Security (January 2009): 75-76.
8 「瘋狂地」：Steven L. Herman, “Bootleg Translation of Japanese Book Hot Item in Congress,” Associated Press, November 11, 1989.
9 表達他的觀點：James Flanigan, “U.S. Bashing Book by Sony's Chief Costs Him Credibility,” Los Angeles Times, October 11, 1989.
10 〈高科技是外交政策〉：Harold Brown, “The United States and Japan: High Tech Is Foreign Policy,” SAIS Review 9, No. 2 (Fall 1989).
11 預測亞洲的未來：Central Intelligence Agency, “East Asia's Economic Potential for the 1990s: A Speculative Essay,” CREST Database, 1987.
1 馬鈴薯先生（Mr. Spud）：訪問美光的員工, 2021; George Anders, “At Potato Empire, an Heir Peels Away Years of Tradition,” Wall Street Journal, October 7, 2004; Laurence Zuckerman, “From Mr. Spud to Mr. Chips; The Potato Tycoon Who Is the Force Behind Micron,” New York Times, February 8, 1996; Andrew E. Serwer, “The Simplot Saga: How America's French Fry King Made Billions More in Semiconductors,” Fortune, February 12, 2012.
2 該州的首富：馬鈴薯先生：訪問Ward Parkinson, 2021; Luc Olivier Bauer and E. Marshall Wilder, Microchip Revolution (Independently published, 2020), pp. 279-280.
3 Elmer's的鬆餅一份6.99美元：訪問Elmer's的職員, 2021; 訪問Ward Parkinson, 2021.
4 後來又追加了數百萬美元：Donald Woutat, “Maverick Chip Maker Shifts Stance: Micron Backs Protectionism After Launching Price War,” Los Angeles Times, December 16, 1985; Peter Burrows, “Micron's Comeback Kid,” Business Week, June 14, 1997.
5 DRAM部門虧損並進行裁員：David E. Sanger, “Prospects Appear Grim for U.S. Chip Makers,” New York Times, October 29, 1985.
6 「愛達荷州的局外人」這種形象：David Staats, “How an Executive's Hair Dryer Saved the Memory Chips—Tales of Micron's 40 Years,” Idaho Statesman, July 21, 2021.
7 一種自扯後腿的策略：Woutat, “Maverick Chip Maker Shifts Stance.”
8 因為法律規定他們不能那樣做：David E. Sanger, “Japan Chip ‘Dumping’ Is Found,” New York Times, August 3, 1985.
9 但也是生產成本最低的：訪問Ward Parkinson、Brian Shirley、Mark Durcan, 2021; Woutat, “Maverick Chip Maker Shifts Stance.”
10 以前沒明文寫下來的東西：訪問Brian Shirley與Mark Durcan, 2021; Yoshitaka Okada, “Decline of the Japanese Semiconductor Industry,” Development of Japanese Semiconductor Industry (January 2006): 41; Bauer and Wilder, The Microchip Revolution, pp. 301-302.
11 並削減其餘員工的薪資：Bauer and Wilder, The Microchip Revolution, pp. 286, 302.
12 記憶體晶片是個非常殘酷的產業：訪問Mark Durcan, Ward Parkinson, and Brian Shirley, 2021.
1 沒時間看學術界的廢話連篇：James Allworth, “Intel's Disruption Is Now Complete,” Medium, November 11, 2020, https://jamesallworth.medium.com/intels-disruption-is-now-complete-d4fa771f0f2c.
2 「匈牙利來的狠角色」：Craig R. Barrett, interviews by Arnold Thackray and David C. Brock at Santa Clara, California, December 14, 2005 and March 23, 2006 (Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation, Oral History Transcript 0324).
3 產品延遲或客戶不滿的消息：Andrew S. Grove, Only the Paranoid Survive: How to Exploit the Crisis Points That Challenge Every Company (Currency Press, 1999), pp. 117-118.
4 觸底後最終會再回升：Grove, Only the Paranoid Survive, pp. 88-90; Robert A. Burgelman, “Fading Memories: A Process Theory of Strategic Business Exist in Dynamic Environments,” Administrative Science Quarterly 39, No. 1 (March 1994): 41.
5 為一種名叫「個人電腦」的新產品製造晶片：Gerry Parker, “Intel's IBM PC Design Win,” Gerry Parker，s Word Press Blog, July 20, 2014, https://gerrythetravelhund.wordpress.com/tag/ibm-pc/; Jimmy Maher, “The Complete History of the IBM PC, Part One: The Deal of the Century,” ars TECHNICA, June 30, 2017, https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/06/ibm-pc-history-part-1/.
6 內建一個小小的英特爾晶片：“The Birth of the IBM PC,” IBM Debut Reference Room, https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/pc25/pc25_birth.html; “IBM Personal Computer Launch,” Waldorf Astoria, January 23, 2019.
7 這種展望實在令人難以置信：Craig R. Barrett, interviews by Arnold Thackray and David C. Brock at Santa Clara, California, December 14, 2005 and March 23, 2006.
8 「咬緊牙根」、「爭論不休」的時期：Grove, Only the Paranoid Survive, pp. 88-92.
9 「建設性衝突」（constructive confrontation）策略來解決：Elizabeth Corcoran, “Intel CEO Andy Grove Steps Aside,” Washington Post, March 27, 1998; 訪問英特爾的前員工, 2021.
10 「冒險」比「控制」更有趣：Christophe Lecuyer, “Confronting the Japanese Challenge: The Revival of Manufacturing at Intel,” Business History Review (July 2019); Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, p. 180.
11 這才是你們應該做的事：Lecuyer, “Confronting the Japanese Challenge,” pp. 363-364; Craig R. Barrett, interviews by Arnold Thackray and David C. Brock at Santa Clara, California, December 14, 2005 and March 23, 2006. Richard S. Tedlow, Andy Grove: The Life and Times of an American Business Icon (Penguin, 2007), p. 203.
12 更像一台精準調節的機器：Lecuyer, “Confronting the Japanese Challenge,” pp. 363, 364, 369, 370; Craig R. Barrett, interviews by Arnold Thackray and David C. Brock at Santa Clara, California, December 14, 2005 and March 23, 2006. pp. 65, 79.
13 比IBM還多：Therese Poletti, “Crucial Mistakes: IBM's Stumbles Opened Door for Microsoft, Intel,” Chicago Tribune, August 13, 2001.
1 強大又永恆：Geoffrey Cain, Samsung Rising (Currency Press, 2020), p. 33.
2 開著那台車在被占領的首都穿梭：Cain, Samsung Rising, pp. 33-41.
3 家訓第一條就是「事業報國」：Dong-Sung Cho and John A. Mathews, Tiger Technology (Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 105-106; Cain, Samsung Rising, pp. 40, 41, 46; on Lee's wealth, “Half a Century of Rise and Fall of the Korean Chaebol in Terms of Income and Stock Price,” Yohap News Agency, November 7, 2006, https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20110708154800008.
4 發展出先進技術：Si-on Park, Like Lee Byung-chul, p. 71; Cho and Mathews, Tiger Technology, p. 112; Daniel Nenni and Don Dingee, Mobile Unleashed (Semi Wiki, 2015); Kim Dong-Won and Stuart W. Leslie, “Winning Markets or Winning Nobel Prizes? KAIST and the Challenges of Late Industrialization,” Osiris 13 (1998): 167-170; Donald L. Benedict, KunMo Chung, Franklin A. Long, Thomas L. Martin, and Frederick E. Terman, “Survey Report on the Establishment of the Korea Advanced Institute of Science,” prepared for US Agency for International Development, December 1970, http://large.stanford.edu/history/kaist/docs/terman/summary/. On Samsung's early difficulties, see Hankook semiconductor; eg. Samsung Newsroom, “Semiconductor Will Be My Last Business,” Samsung, March 30, 2010, https://news.samsung.com/kr/91.
5 光看是無法複製那些祕密的：Park Si-on, Like Lee Byung-chul, pp. 399, 436.
6 準備投入至少1億美元：Myung Oh and James F. Larson, Digital Development in Korea: Building an Information Society (Routledge, 2011), p. 54; Park Si-on, Like Lee Byung-chul, p. 386; Cho and Mathews, Tiger Technology, pp. 105, 119, 125; Lee Jae-goo, “Why Should We Do the Semiconductor Industry,” tr. Soyoung Oh, ZDNET Korea, Mar 15, 1983, https://zdnet.co.kr/view/?no=20110328005714.
7 造成「致命」的影響：Tedlow, Andy Grove, p. 218; Robert W. Crandall and Kenneth Flamm, Changing the Rules (Brookings Institution Press, 1989), p. 315; Susan Chira, “Korea's Chip Makers Race to Catch Up,” New York Times, July 15, 1985; “Company News: Intel Chip Pact,” New York Times, June 26, 1987.
8 美日的貿易關係緊繃也有助於韓國企業：Richard E. Baldwin, “The Impact of the 1986 US-Japan Semiconductor Agreement,” Japan and the World Economy 6, No. 2 (June 1994): 136-137; Douglas A. Irwin, “Trade Policies and the Semiconductor Industry,” in Anne O. Krueger, ed., The Political Economy of American Trade Policy (University of Chicago Press, 1994), pp. 46-47.
9 我的敵人的敵人，就是我的朋友：Linsu Kim, “Imitation to Innovation: The Dynamics of Korea's Technological Learning,” Columbia University East Asian Center, 1997, p. 89, cites the example of Zyrtek transferring advanced production knowledge for a $2.1 million fee;訪問Ward Parkinson, 2021; Andrew Pollack, “U.S.-Korea Chip Ties Grow,” New York Times, July 15, 1985.
1 第一個微處理器的流程：Federico Faggin, “The Making of the First Microprocessor,” IEEE, 2009; Federico Faggin, Silicon (Waterline, 2021), esp. ch. 3.
2 正為了這個難題傷透腦筋：B. Hoeneisen and C. A. Mead, “Fundamental Limitations in Microelectronics—I. MOS Technology,” Solid State Electronics 15, No. 7 (July 1972), https://authors.library.caltech.edu/54798/.
3 康維是傑出的電腦科學家：訪問Lynn Conway, 2021, where she surprised me by wanting to discuss the nuances of John Gaddis, The Landscape of History (Oxford University Press, 2004).
4 以「隱姓埋名」的方式加入全錄：Dianne Lynch, “Wired Women: Engineer Lynn Conway's Secret,” ABC News, January 7, 2006.
5 出奇地落伍：訪問Lynn Conway, 2021.
6 你可以自己編寫：“Lambda Magazine Lights the Way for VLSI Design,” IEEE Silicon Valley History Videos, YouTube Video, July 27, 2015, 00:01:40, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DEYbQiXvbnc; “History of VLSI-C. Mead-2/1/2011,” California Institute of Technology, YouTube Video, May 29, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=okZBhJ-KvaY.
7 古騰堡時刻來臨了：“1981 Electronics AWARD FOR ACHIEVEMENT,” University of Michigan, https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Awards/Electronics/ElectAchiev.html; 訪問Lynn Conway與Carver Mead, 2021.
8 培養出足夠的晶片設計師：Van Atta et al., DARPA Technical Accomplishments: An Historical Review of Selected DARPA Projects II, February 1990, AD-A239 925, p. 17-5.
9 維持美國軍事優勢的關鍵：訪問Paul Losleben, 2021; Van Atta et al., DARPA Technical Accomplishments, p. 17-1.
10 培養出來的校友創立的：訪問David Hodges、Steve Director、Aart de Geus、Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli、Rob Rutenbar; “1984 Annual Report,” Semiconductor Research Corporation, 1984, https://www.src.org/src/story/timeline.
11 如何儲存與交流資訊：Irwin Jacobs interview by David Morton, IEEE History Center, October 29, 1999.
12 這就是未來：Daniel J. Costello, Jr., and David Forney, Jr., “Channel Coding: The Road to Channel Capacity,” Proceedings of the IEEE 95, No. 6 (June 2007); O. Aftab, P. Cheung, A. Kim, S. Thakkar, and N. Yeddanapudi, “Information Theory and the Digital Age,” 6.933 Project History, MIT, https://web.mit.edu/6.933/www/Fall2001/Shannon2.pdf; David Forney Jr. interview by Andrew Goldstein, Center for the History of Electrical Engineering, May 10, 1995; Daniel Nenni, “A Detailed History of Qualcomm,” SemiWiki, March 19, 2018, https://semiwiki.com/general/7353-a-detailed-history-of-qualcomm/.
1 會乾脆待在莫斯科喝個爛醉：Details of Vetrov's life draw heavily from Sergei Kostin and Eric Raynaud, Farewell: The Greatest Spy Story of the Twentieth Century (Amazon Crossing, 2011).
2 並提升其生產積體電路的能力：CIA, “The Technology Acquisition Efforts of the Soviet Intelligence Services,” June 18, 1982, p. 15, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000261337.pdf; Philip Hanson, Soviet Industrial Espionage (Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1987).
3 「墜落」身亡：Sergey Chertoprud, Naucho-Tekhnicheskaia Razvedka (Olma Press, 2002), p. 283; Daniela Iacono, “A British Banker Who Plunged to His Death,” United Press International, May 15, 1984; Michael S. Malone, “Going Underground in Silicon Valley,” New York Times, May 30, 1982.
4 直接抄襲美國的微處理器：Jay Tuck, High-Tech Espionage (St. Martin's Press, 1986), p. 107; Simonov, Nesostoyavshayasya Informatsionnaya Revolyutsiya, p. 34.
5 空殼公司：Edgar Ulsamer, “Moscow's Technology Parasites,” Air Force Magazine, December 1, 1984.
6 測試晶片的機器：Central Intelligence Agency, “Soviet Acquisition of Militarily Signi$cant Western Technology: An Update,” September 1985, p. 25, http://insidethecoldwar.org/sites/default/$les/documents/CIA%20Report%20on%20Soviet%20Acquisition%20of%20Militarily%20Signi$cant%20Western%20Technology%20September%201985.pdf.
7 與法國的情報機構有聯繫：Kostin and Raynaud, Farewell.
8 蘇聯竊取的資料量有多龐大：Hanson, Soviet Industrial Espionage; Central Intelligence Agency, “Soviet Acquisition of Militarily Significant Western Technology: An Update”; Kostin and Raynaud, Farewell; Thierry Wolton, Le KGB en France (Club Express, 1986).
9 總是落後美國五年：Central Intelligence Agency, “Soviet Computer Technology: Little Prospect of Catching Up,” National Security Archive, March 1985, p. 4, https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/22579-document-02-central-intelligence-agency-sovie; Bruce B. Weyrauch, “Operation Exodus,” Computer/Law Journal 7, No. 2 (Fall 1986); Hanson, Soviet Industrial Espionage; Jon Zonderman, “Policing High-Tech Exports,” New York Times, November 27, 1983.
1 「大規模毀滅性武器」：Dale Roy Herspring, The Soviet High Command, 1967-1989 (Princeton University Press, 2016), p. 175.
2 是「自找的」：Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, “1983 Downing of KAL Flight Showed Soviets Lacked Skill of the Fictional 007,” Los Angeles Times, November 11, 1990.
3 享有明顯的優勢：Brian A Davenport, “The Ogarkov Ouster,” Journal of Strategic Studies 14, No. 2 (1991): 133; CIA and Defense Department, “US and Soviet Strategic Forces: Joint Net Assessment,” Secretary of Defense, November 14, 1983, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB428/docs/1.US%20and%20Soviet%20Strategic%20Forces%20Joint%20Net%20Assessment.pdf.
4 「軍事技術革命」：Center for Naval Analyses, Marshal Ogarkov on Modern War: 1977-1985, AD-A176 138, p. 27; Dima P. Adamsky, “Through the Looking Glass: The Soviet Military-Technical Revolution and the American Revolution in Military Affairs,” Journal of Strategic Studies 31, No. 2 (2008).
5 裴瑞的「抵銷戰略」奏效了：關於抵銷技術的精彩概述（基本上都依賴半導體），參見David Burbach, Brendan Rittenhouse Green, and Benjamin Friedman, “The Technology of the Revolution in Military Affairs,” in Harvey Sapolsky, Benjamin Friedman, and Brendan Green, eds., U.S. Military Innovation Since the Cold War: Creation Without Destruction (Routledge, 2012), pp. 14-42; CIA, “Soviet Defense Industry: Coping with the Military-Technological Challenge,” CIA Historical Review Program, July 1987, p. 17, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000499526.pdf; Adamsky, “Through the Looking Glass,” p. 260.
6 飛彈導引電腦：Anatoly Krivonosov, “Khartron: Computers for Rocket Guidance Systems,” in Boris Malinovsky, “History of Computer Science and Technology in Ukraine,” tr. Slava Gerovitch, Computing in the Soviet Space Program, December 16, 2002, https://web.mit.ed6slava/space/essays/essay-krivonosov.htm; Donald MacKenzie, “The Soviet Union and Strategic Missile Guidance,” International Security 13, No. 2 (Fall 1988); Georgii Priss interview by Slava Gerovitch, Computing in the Soviet Space Program, May 23, 2002, https://web.mit.edu/slava/space/interview/interview-priss.htm#q3.
7 自行運算出到達目標的路徑：MacKenzie, “The Soviet Union and Strategic Missile Guidance,” pp. 30—32, 35.
8 98％的蘇聯洲際彈道飛彈（ICBM）：MacKenzie, “The Soviet Union and Strategic Missile Guidance,” p. 52, citing a CEP of .06 nautical miles; Pavel Podvig, “The Window of Opportunity That Wasn't: Soviet Military Buildup in the 1970s,” International Security (Summer 2008): 129, cites a CEP of 0.35-0.43 kilometers. 還有其他變數可以比較飛彈，包括導彈攜帶的彈頭大小與數量、它們發射或重新定位的速度。但美國擁有精準優勢的基本趨勢依然存在；98％的數字是來自John G. Hines, Ellis M. Mishulovich, and John F. Shull, Soviet Intentions, 1965-1985, Vol. 2 (BDM Federal, Inc., 1995), pp. 46, 90. 注意，這98％可能過於誇大美國的能力，但仍然證明了蘇聯的擔憂。Cf. Brendan R. Green and Austin Long, “The MAD Who Wasn't There: Soviet Reactions to Late Cold War Nuclear Balance,” Security Studies 26, No. 4 (July 7, 2017).
9 就能追蹤蘇聯潛艇：Owen R. Cote, Jr., “The Third Battle: Innovation in the U.S. Navy's Silent Cold War Struggle with Soviet Submarines,” Newport Papers, Naval War College, 2003; Joel S. Wit, “Advances in Antisubmarine Warfare,” Scientific American 244, No. 2 (February 1981): 31-41; D. L. Slotnick, “The Conception and Development of Parallel Processors: A Personal Memoir,” Annals of the History of Computing 4, No. 1 (January-March 1982); Van Atta et al., DARPA Technical Accomplishments II; Christopher A. Ford and David A. Rosenberg, “The Naval Intelligence Underpinnings of Reagan's Maritime Strategy,” Journal of Strategic Studies 28, No. 2 (April 2005): 398; John G. Hines, Ellis M. Mishulovich, and John F. Shull, Soviet Intentions 1965-1985, Vol. 1 (BDM Federal, Inc., 1995), p. 75; Green and Long, “The MAD Who Wasn't There,” pp. 607, 639. 1980年代，蘇聯SSBN飛彈的可靠性也有重大問題; 參見Steven J. Zaloga, The Kremlin’s Nuclear Sword: The Rise and Fall of Russia’s Strategic Nuclear Forces 1945-2000 (Smithsonian Books, 2014), p. 188.
10 「在戰略武器方面明顯落後」：Green and Long, “The MAD Who Wasn't There,” p. 617.
11 蘇聯的生存：Danilevich quoted in Hines, Mishulovich, and Shull, Soviet Intentions 1965-1985, Vol. 1, p. 57; Dale R. Herspring, “Nikolay Ogarkov and the Scientific Technical Revolution in Soviet Military Affairs,” Comparative Strategy 6, No. 1 (1987); Mary C. Fitzgerald, “Soviet Views on Future War: The Impact of New Technologies,” Defense Analysis 7, Nos. 2-3 (1991). 蘇聯官員對指揮、控制與通訊系統的存續性深為擔憂; 參見Hines, Mishulovich, and Shull, Soviet Intentions 1965-1985, Vol. 1, p. 90; Marshal Vasili Petrov, quoted in 1983 as perceiving a NATO plan to “create and make use of the potential for a ‘disarming’ first [conventional] strike,” in Thomas M. Nichols, The Sacred Cause: Civil-Military Conflict over Soviet National Security, 1917-1992 (NCROL, 1993), p. 117; Mary C. Fitzgerald, “Marshal Ogarkov on the Modern Theater Operation,” Naval War College Review 39, No. 4 (1986); Mary C. Fitzgerald, “Marshal Ogarkov and the New Revolution in Soviet Military Affairs,” Defense Analysis 3, No. 1 (1987).
12 有更多的紀律：Mikhail Gorbachev, “Zasedanie Politbyuro Tsk Kpss 30 liulia Goda,” in Sobranie Sochinenii, Book 9 (Ves’ Mir, 2008), pp. 339-343. 這裡我是隨性翻譯.
13 奧索金被里加的半導體廠解雇：訪問Sergei Osokin, 2021.
14 蘇聯的八倍：Simonov, Nesostoyavshayasya Informatsionnaya Revolutsiya, p. 70; Seymour Goodman and William K. McHenry, “The Soviet Computer Industry: A Tale of Two Sectors,” Communications of the ACM (January 1991): 32.
15 缺乏國際供應鏈：V. V. Zhurkin, “Ispolzovanie Ssha Noveishhikh Dostizhenii Nauki i Tekhniki v Sfere Vneshnei Politiki,” Academy of Sciences Archive, August 7, 1987.
16 產量迅速成長：Charles S. Maier, Dissolution (Princeton University Press, 1999), pp. 74-75.
1 在越南服役兩次：Robert D. McFadden, “Gen. H. Norman Schwarzkopf, U.S. Commander in Gulf War, Dies at 78,” New York Times, December 27, 2012.
2 波斯灣戰爭就此開打：Rick Aktinson, Crusade: The Untold Story of the Persian Gulf War (Mariner Books, 1994), pp. 35-37.
3 與部隊溝通的能力：“The Theater's Opening Act,” Washington Post, 1998; Aktinson, Crusade, p. 37.
4 第一代鋪路雷射導引炸彈相同：「鋪路」雷射導引炸彈的細節是來自Steve Roemerman的訪問, 2021.
5 擊中目標的機率是13倍：Stephen P. Rosen, “The Impact of the Office of Net Assessment on the American Military in the Matter of the Revolution of Military Affairs,” Journal of Strategic Studies 33, No. 4 (2010): 480.
6 而免於喪命：訪問Steve Roemerman, 2021.
7 高科技奏效了：Bobby R. Inman, Joseph S. Nye Jr., William J. Perry, and Roger K. Smith, “Lessons from the Gulf War,” Washington Quarterly 15, No. 1 (1992): 68; Benjamin S. Lambeth, Desert Storm and Its Meaning (RAND Corporation, 1992).
8 「電腦晶片或成戰爭英雄」：William J. Broad, “War in the Gulf: High Tech; War Hero Status Possible for the Computer Chip,” New York Times, January 21, 1991; Barry D. Watts, Six Decades of Guided Munitions and Battle Networks: Progress and Prospects (Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, 2007), p. 146;訪問Steve Roemerman.
9 讓他相當尷尬：Mary C. Fitzgerald, “The Soviet Military and the New ‘Technological Operation’ in the Gulf,” Naval War College Review 44, No. 4 (Fall 1991): 16-43, https://www.jstor.org/stable/44638558; Stuart Kaufman, “Lessons from the 1991 Gulf War and Military Doctrine,” Journal of Slavic Military Studies 6, No. 3 (1993); Graham E. Fuller, “Moscow and the Gulf War,” Foreign Affairs (Summer 1991); Gilberto Villahermosa, “Desert Storm: The Soviet View,” Foreign Military Studies Office, May 25, 2005, p. 4.
1 不可能長久延續下去的：Michael Pettis, The Great Rebalancing (Princeton University Press, 2013).
2 削價競爭：Yoshitaka Okada, “Decline of the Japanese Semiconductor Industry,” in Yoshitaka Okada, ed., Struggles fOr Survival (Springer, 2006), p. 72.
3 「晚上就睡不著覺了」：Marie Anchordoguy, Reprogramming Japan (Cornell University Press, 2005), p. 192.
4 並未削減虧損部門的投資：Sumio Saruyama and Peng Xu, Excess Capacity and the Difficulty of Exit: Evidence from Japan's Electronics Industry (Springer Singapore, 2021); “Determination Drove the Development of the CCD ‘Electric Eye,’ ” Sony, https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/History/SonyHistory/2-11.html.
5 仍可持續「記憶」資料：Kenji Hall, “Fujio Masuoka: Thanks for the Memory,” Bloomberg, April 3, 2006; Falan Yinung, “The Rise of the Flash Memory Market: Its Impact on Firm Behavior and Global Semiconductor Trade Patterns,” Journal of International Commerce and Economics (July 2007).
6 降到1998年的20％：Andrew Pollack, “U.S. Chips’ Gain Is Japan's Loss,” New York Times, January 3, 1991; Okada, “Decline of the Japanese Semiconductor Industry,” p. 41; “Trends in the Semiconductor Industry,” Semiconductor History Museum of Japan, https://www.shmj.or.jp/english/trends/trd90s.html.
7 支持伊拉克的鄰國：Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “How the Gulf Crisis Began and Ended,” in Diplomatic Bluebook 1991, https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1991/1991-2-1.htm; Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Japan's Response to the Gulf Crisis,” in Diplomatic Bluebook 1991, https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1991/1991-2-2.htm; Kent E. Calder, “The United States, Japan, and the Gulf Region,” The Sasakawa Peace Foundation, August 2015, p. 31; T. R. Reid, “Japan's New Frustration,” Washington Post, March 17, 1991.
8 我們別再爭論誰贏了：“G-Day: Soviet President Gorbachev Visits Stanford Business School,” Stanford Graduate School of Business, September 1990, https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/experience/news-history/history/g-day-soviet-president-gorbachev-visits-stanford-business-school; David Remnick, “In U.S., Gorbachev Tried to Sell a Dream,” Washington Post, June 6, 1990.
9 五歲開始就有電腦了：Gelb first recounted this story in 1992; I quote from his 2011 article on the topic; Leslie H. Gelb, “Foreign Affairs; Who Won the Cold War?” New York Times, August 20, 1992; Leslie H. Gelb, “The Forgotten Cold War: 20 Years Later, Myths About U.S. Victory Persist,” Daily Beast, July 14, 2017.
10 玩具的內建晶片：訪問Peter Gordon, 2021.
1 你需要多少錢：Wang, K.T. Li and the Taiwan Experience, p. 217; Oral History of Morris Chang, taken by Alan Patterson, August 24, 2007, Computer History Museum.
2 仍遠遠落後於先進技術：Tekla S. Perry, “Morris Chang: Foundry Father,” IEEE Spectrum, April 19, 2011; “Stanford Engineering Hero Lecture: Morris Chang in conversation with President John L. Hennessy,” Stanford Online, YouTube Video, April 25, 2004, around minute 36, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEh3ZgbvBrE.
3 相當於「經濟戰」：“TI Board Visit to Taiwan 1978,” Texas Instruments Special Collection, 90-69 TI Board Visit to Taiwan, DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University.
4 「被派到不重要的職位」：Oral History of Morris Chang, Computer History Museum.
5 台灣對我來說是個陌生的地方：“Morris Chang's Last Speech,” tr. Kevin Xu, Interconnected Newsletter, September 12, 2021, https://interconnected.blog/morris-changs-last-speech; 關於拒絕一份工作邀請，參見L. Sophia Wang, ed., K. T. Li Oral History (2nd edition, 2001), pp. 239-40, with thanks to Mindy Tu for translating; “Stanford Engineering Hero Lecture: Morris Chang in conversation with President John L. Hennessy,” around minute 34, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEh3ZgbvBrE. 關於張忠謀的德州身份：訪問張忠謀, 2022.
6 很大的發揮空間：Oral History of Morris Chang, Computer History Museum.
7 目前的半導體所無法支援的：“1976 Morris Chang Planning Doc,” Texas Instruments Special Collection, Fred Bucy Papers, DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University.
8 已經在台灣醞釀好幾年了：Chintay Shih interview by Ling-Fei Lin, Computer History Museum, February 21, 2011; National Research Council, “Appendix A3: Taiwan's Industrial Technology Research Institute,” in 21st Century Manufacturing (The National Academies Press, 2013); Oral History of Morris Chang, Computer History Museum.
9 但這個概念不算：Douglas B. Fuller, “Globalization for Nation Building: Industrial Policy for High-Technology Products in Taiwan,” working paper, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002.
10 台積電27.5％的股份：Rene Raaijmakers, ASML’s Architects (Techwatch Books, 2018), ch. 57. On Philips’ transfer of IP, see John A. Mathews, “A Silicon Valley of the East,” California Management Review (1997): 36; Daniel Nenni, “A Brief History of TSMC,” SemiWiki, August 2, 2012.
11 台灣政府的專案：“Stanford Engineering Hero Lecture: Morris Chang in conversation with President John L. Hennessy”; Donald Brooks interview by Rob Walker, Stanford University Libraries, February 8, 2000, 1:45, https://exhibits.stanford.edu/silicongenesis/catalog/cj789gh7170.
12 與美國晶片業的緊密關連：“TSMC Announces Resignation of Don Brooks,” EE Times, March 7, 1997; Donald Brooks interview by Rob Walker, 1:44; “1995 Annual Report,” Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing, Ltd, 1995; on educational links, see Douglas B. Fuller, “The Increasing Irrelevance of Industrial Policy in Taiwan, 2016-2020,” in Gunter Schubert and Chun-Yi Lee, eds., Taiwan During the First Administration of Tsai Ing-wen: Navigating Stormy Waters (Routledge, 2020), p. 15.
13 讓台灣與矽谷雙雙受惠：AnnaLee Saxenian, Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128 (Harvard University Press, 1994); AnnaLee Saxenian, The New Argonauts: Regional Advantage in a Global Economy (Harvard University Press, 2006).
1 大致相同：Jonathan Pollack, “The Chinese Electronics Industry in Transition,” Rand Corporation, N-2306, May 1985; David Dorman, “The Military Imperative in Chinese Economic Reform: The Politics of Electronics, 1949-1999,” PhD dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park, 2002; on the 1KB DRAM, see Richard Baum, “DOS ex Machina,” in Denis Fred Simon and Merle Goldman, eds., Science and Technology in Post-Mao China (Harvard University Asia Center, 1989), p. 357.
2 第一塊積體電路：Yiwei Zhu, Essays on China's IC Industry Development, tr. Zoe Huang (2006), pp. 140-144.
3 回到生產實踐中去：National Research Council, “Solid State Physics in the People's Republic of China: A Trip Report of the American Solid State Physics Delegation,” 1976, p. 89.
4 進行驚天動地的群眾運動：“Shanghai Workers Vigorously Develop Electronics Industry,” October 9, 1969, translation of Renmin Ribao article in Survey of the Chinese Mainland Press, No. 4520, October 21, 1969, pp. 11-13.
5 「只有鋼鐵業才應該發揮主導作用」：Denis Fred Simon and Detlef Rehn, Technological Innovation in China: The Case of Shanghai Semiconductor Industry (Ballinger Publishing Company, 1988), pp. 47, 50; Lowell Dittmer, “Death and Transfiguration,” Journal of Asian Studies 40, No. 3 (May 1981): 463.
6 所有人都必須製造半導體：Lan You Hang, “The Construction of Commercial Electron Microscopes in China,” Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics 96 (1996): 821; Sungho Rho, Keun Lee, and Seong Hee Kim, “Limited Catch Up in China's Semiconductor Industry: A Sectoral Innovation System Perspective,” Millennial Asia (August 19, 2015): 159.
7 報廢太多了：Hua Guafeng, September 26, 1975, quoted in Roderick MacFarquhar and Michael Schoenhals, Mao's Last Revolution (Belknap Press, 2008), pp. 400-401.
8 反對「自我榮耀」：National Research Council, “Solid State Physics in the People's Republic of China,” p. 151.
9 政治官僚：Hoddeson and Daitch, True Genius, p. 277.
10 全中國只有1500台電腦：Baum, “DOS ex Machina,” pp. 347—348; National Research Council, “Solid State Physics in the People's Republic of China,” pp. 52—53.
11 新的武器系統、消費電子與電腦：Simon and Rehn, Technological Innovation in China, pp. 15, 59, 66; Baum, “DOS ex Machina,” pp. 347—348.
12 第三台機器出口：Simon and Rehn, Technological Innovation in China, pp. 17, 27, 48.
1 「與中國人分享上帝的愛」：“share God's love with the Chinese”: Evelyn Iritani, “China's Next Challenge: Mastering the Microchip,” Los Angeles Times, October 22, 2002.
2 還有一座教堂：Andrew Ross, Fast Boat to China (Vintage Books, 2007), p. 250.
3 更進一步降至13％：Antonio Varas, Raj Varadarajan, Jimmy Goodrich, and Falan Yinug, “Government Incentives and US Competitiveness in Semiconductor Manufacturing,” Boston Consulting Group and Semiconductor Industry Association (September 2020), p. 7.
4 做晶圓代工：John A. Matthews, “A Silicon Valley of the East,” California Management Review (1997).
5 膽小鬼賽局：訪問三星的高管, 2021.
6 勢不可擋：關於信用額度補貼，參見S. Ran Kim, “The Korean System of Innovation and the Semiconductor Industry,” Industrial and Corporate Change 7, No. 2 (June 1, 1998): 297-298.
7 還是有利可圖：訪問中國的科技分析師, 2021.
8 義大利等地的工：Peter Clarke, “ST Process Technology Is Base for Chang's Next Chinese Foundry,” tr. Claus Soong, EE News Analog, February 24, 2020; “Business Figures Weekly: the Father of Chinese Semiconductors—Richard Chang,” CCTV, YouTube Video, April 29, 2010, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NVHAyrGRM2E; http://magazine.sina.com/bg/southernpeopleweekly/2009045/2009-12-09/ba80442.html; https://www.coolloud.org.tw/node/6695.
9 早期的成果大多不太理想：Douglas B. Fuller, Paper Tigers, Hidden Dragons (Oxford University Press, 2016), pp. 122-126; John VerWey, “Chinese Semiconductor Industrial Policy: Past and Present,” United States International Trade Commission Journal of International Commerce and Economics (July 2019): 11.
10 把技術引進中國：這是中國晶片業的頂尖專家Doug Fuller的判斷, in Paper Tigers, Hidden Dragons, p. 122.
11 「位於中國的晶圓廠」：Fuller, Paper Tigers, Hidden Dragons, p. 125; Yin Li, “From Classic Failures to Global Competitors: Business Organization and Economic Development in the Chinese Semiconductor Industry,” Master's thesis, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, pp. 32-33.
12 合資成立的：Lee Chyen Yee and David Lin, “Hua Hong NEC, Grace Close to Merger,” Reuters, December 1, 2011.
13 「商業策略」顧問：“China's Shanghai Grace Semiconductor Breaks Ground on New Fab, Report Says,” EE Times, November 20, 2000; Warren Vieth and Lianne Hart, “Bush's Brother Has Contract to Help Chinese Chip Maker,” Los Angeles Times, November 27, 2003.
14 又難以獲得客戶：Ming-chin Monique Chu, The East Asian Computer Chip War (Routledge, 2013), pp. 212-213; “Fast-Track Success of Jiang Zemin's Eldest Son, Jiang Mianheng, Questioned by Chinese Academics for Years,” South China Morning Post, January 9, 2015. On the difficulties of Grace, see Fuller, Paper Tigers, Hidden Dragons, ch. 5; Michael S. Chase, Kevin L. Pollpeter, and James C. Mulvenon, “Shanghaied: The Economic and Political Implications for the Flow of Information Technology and Investment Across the Taiwan Strait (Technical Report),” RAND Corporation, July 26, 2004, pp. 127-135.
15 逾15億美元的資金：“Richard Chang: Taiwan's Silicon Invasion,” Bloomberg Businessweek, December 9, 2002; Ross, Fast Boat to China, p. 250.
16 來自美國投資者：Chase et al., “Shanghaied,” p. 149.
17 至少有400名是來自台灣：“Richard Chang and His SMIC Team,” Cheers Magazine, April 1, 2000, https://www.cheers.com.tw/article/article.action?id=5053843.
18 幫助本地工程師學習：Fuller, Paper Tigers, Hidden Dragons, pp. 132, 134-135; VerWey, “Chinese Semiconductor Industrial Policy,” pp. 11-12; Yin Li, “From Classic Failures to Global Competitors,” pp. 45-48; Er Hao Lu, The Developmental Model of China’s Semiconductor Industry, 2000-2005（中國半導體產業發展模式）, Doctoral dissertation, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan, 2008, pp. 33-35, with thanks to Claus Soong for translating; Ross, Fast Boat to China, p. 248.
19 可減銷售稅：Yin-Yin Chen, “The Political Economy of the Development of the Semiconductor Industry in Shanghai,1956-2006,” Thesis, National Taiwan University, 2007, pp. 71-72; Lu, The Developmental Model of China’s Semiconductor Industry, pp. 75-77. Thanks to Claus Soong for translating these sources.
20 採用接近頂尖的技術：Yin Li, “From Classic Failures to Global Competitors,” pp. 45-48.
21 世界一流的代工企業：Fuller, Paper Tigers, Hidden Dragons, pp. 132, 136; “Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation Announces Proposed Dual Listing on SEHK and NYSE,” SMIC, March 7, 2004, https://www.smics.com/en/site/news_read/4212; “Chip maker SMIC falls on debut,” CNN, Mar 18, 2004.
1 去開發EUV微影成像技術：訪問John Carruthers, 2021; 本章主要是源自以下採訪：Vivek Bakshi、Chris Mack、Chuck Gwyn、David Attwood、Frits van Houts、John Taylor、John Carruthers、Bill Siegle、Stefan Wurm、嚴濤南、蔣尚義，以及其他幾位要求不具名的微影成像專家，本章結論皆與這些專家無涉。
2 「微影製程戰」：Mark L. Schattenburg, “History of the ‘Three Beams’ Conference, the Birth of the Information and the Era of Lithography Wars,” https://eipbn.org/2020/wp-content/up10ads/2015/01/EIPBN_history.pdf.
3 還是別無選擇了：Peter Van Den Hurk, “Farewell to a ‘Big Family of Top Class People,’” ASML, April 23, 2021, https://www.asml.com/en/news/stories/2021/frits-van-hout-retires-from-asml.
4 「既沒有設施，也沒有錢」：訪問Frits van Hout, 2021.
5 有深厚的關係：Rene Raiijmakers, “Technology Ownership Is No Birthright,” Bits & Chips, June 24, 2021.
6 形成了合作關係：訪問Fritz van Hout, 2021; “Lithography Wars (Middle): How Did TSMC’s Fire Save the Lithography Giant ASML?” iNews, February 5, 2022, https://inf.news/en/news/5620365e89323be681610733c6a32d22.html.
7 「單極時刻」（unipolar moment）：Charles Krauthammer, “The Unipolar Moment,” Foreign Affairs, September 18, 1990.
8 「無國界的世界」：Kenichi Ohmae, “Managing in a Borderless World,” Harvard Business Review (May-June 1989).
9 英特爾每年都有獲利：根據Bloomberg的資料.
10 「95%的大猩猩」：訪問John Taylor, 2021.
11 幾乎沒有人對此感到擔憂：Chuck Gwyn and Stefan Wurm, “EUV LLC: A Historical Perspective,” in Bakshi, ed., EUV Lithography (SPIE, 2008);訪問John Carruthers與John Taylor, 2021.
12 ASML成了僅剩的微影成像公司：訪問Kenneth Flamm與Richard Van Atta, 2021.
13 而不是地緣政治：David Lammers, “U.S. Gives Ok to ASML on EUV,” EE Times, February 24, 1999; 這篇媒體報導提到ASML與美國政府的一項協定。根據該協定，ASML承諾在美國生產部分機器。我採訪美國的官員或ASML，都無法證實有這種承諾，雖然多位以前的官員表示，這項協定聽起來似乎有道理，但可能是非正式的，而不是正式的。ASML目前在康乃狄克州的一家製造廠生產每台EUV機台的一部分，所以如果真有此承諾的話，它似乎有信守承諾。
14 政治考量有發揮多大的效果：我的訪問對象中，沒有人認為外交政策因素對這個決定非常重要。許多人表示，他們不記得討論過這個議題。
15 所有的EUV技術：Don Clark and Glenn Simpson, “Opponents of SVG Sale to Dutch Worry About Foreign Competition,” Wall Street Journal, April 26, 2001; 訪問微影成像業的專家, 2021; 訪問Dick Van Atta, 2021; 訪問前商務部的官員, 2021.
16 而EUV並沒有上榜：Clark and Simpson, “Opponents of SVG Sale to Dutch Worry About Foreign Competition.”
17 不同國家的科學家：訪問John Taylor, 2021.
1 英特爾已經準備好了：“First Intel Mac (10 Jan 2006),” all about Steve Jobs.com, YouTube Video, September 18, 2009, https://www.youtube.com/watch7v=cp49Tmmtmf8.
2 也愈來愈常打領帶：訪問英特爾的資深高管, 2021.
3 壟斷地位：Alexis C. Madrigal, “Paul Otellini's Intel: Can the Company That Built the Future Survive It?” Atlantic, May 16, 2013; 訪問英特爾的四位前高管, 2021.
4 保衛城堡的護城河是x86：訪問Michael Bruck, 2021.
5 獲得了近乎壟斷的地位：Kurt Shuler, “Semiconductor Slowdown? Invest!” Semiconductor Engineering, January 26, 2012.
6 「這是我們唯一的機會。」：訪問Robin Saxby, 2021; “Sir Robin Saxby: The ARM Architecture Was Invented Inside Acorn Computers,” Anu Partha, YouTube Video, June 1, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch7v=jxUT3wE5Kwg; Don Dingee and Daniel Nenni, Mobile Unleashed: The Origin and Evolution of ARM Processors in Our Devices (SemiWiki LLC, 2015), esp. p. 42; “Alumnus Receives Top Honour from Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE),” University of Liverpool, May 17, 2019.
7 類似Zoom的視訊會議系統：訪問英特爾的前高管, 2021.
8 似乎是瘋狂的賭注：訪問Ted Odell, 2020, 以及Will Swope, 2021.
9 交易量是任何人所想的100倍：Alexis C. Madrigal, “Paul Otellini's Intel.”
10 在行動裝置領域站穩腳跟的方法：Joel Hruska, “How Intel Lost the Mobile Market, Part 2: The Rise and Neglect of Atom,” Extreme Tech, December 3, 2020; Joel Hruska, “How Intel Lost $10 Billion and the Mobile Market,” Extreme Tech, December 3, 2020; Mark Lipacis et al., “Semiconductors: The 4th Tectonic Shift in Computing: To a Parallel Processing / IoT Model,” Jeffries Research Note, July 10, 2017; 與Michael Bruck及Will Swope的談話幫忙確立了這點; Varas et al., “Strengthening the Global Semiconductor Supply Chain in an Uncertain Area.”
11 些許的利潤：訪問英特爾的前高管, 2021.
1 為勝利而奮戰：Andy Grove, “Andy Grove: How America Can Create Jobs,” Businessweek, July 1, 2010.
2 我懷疑他們永遠也趕不上：同前.
3 10億個電晶體：Jon Stokes, “Two Billion-Transistor Beasts: POWER7 and Niagara 3,” Ars Technica, February 8, 2010.
4 約四分之三的市場：Wally Rhines, “Competitive Dynamics in the Electronic Design Automation Industry,” SemiWiki, August 23, 2019.
5 芮氏7.3級的地震：Mark Veverka, “Taiwan Quake Sends a Wakeup Call, But Effects May Be Short Lived,” Barron's, September 27, 1999.
6 第五座的復工時間較長：Jonathan Moore, “Fast Chips, Faster Cleanup,” BusinessWeek, October 11, 1999.
7 中斷的影響有限：Baker Li, Dow Jones Newswires, “Shortage in Parts Appears to Fade Following Earthquake in Taiwan,” Wall Street Journal, November 9, 1999.
8 全球共經歷了5次這種強度的地震：訪問無晶圓廠公司的高管, 2021; “20 Largest Earthquakes in the World,” USGS, https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/earthquake-hazards/science/20-largest-earthquakes-world?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects.
9 「負責的利益關係者」：Robert Zoellick speech, September 21, 2005, “Whither China? From Membership to Responsibility,” National Committee on U.S. China Relations.
10 更遑論依賴中國了：Adam Segal, “Practical Engagement: Drawing a Fine Line for U.S.-China Trade,” Washington Quarterly 27, No. 3 (January 7, 2010): 162.
11 特殊地位：“SMIC Attains Validated End-User Status for U.S. Government,” SMIC, October 19, 2007, https://www.smics.com/en/site/news_read/4294.
12 比競爭對手「跑得更快」的策略：關於這個共識的出現，最佳的歷史敘述是Hugo Meijer, Trading with the Enemy (Oxford University Press, 2016).
13 但沒人聽進這番警訊：Van Atta et al., “Globalization and the US Semiconductor Industry,” Institute for Defense Analyses, November 20, 2007, pp. 2-3.
1 可能還會咬死你：Craig Addison, Silicon Shield (Fusion PR, 2001), p. 77.
2 最成功的業務員：Peter J. Schuyten, “The Metamorphosis of a Salesman,” New York Times, February 25, 1979.
3 或更大的處理器上生產：Varas et al., “Strengthening the Global Semiconductor Supply Chain in an Uncertain Era,” p. 18.
4 四分之一：同前, p. 17.
5 類比晶片製造商是德州儀器：Peter Clarke, “Top Ten Analog Chip Makers in 2020,” eeNews, June 3, 2021.
6 約85％的市占率：Joonkyu Kang, “A Study of the DRAM Industry,” Master's thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010, p. 13.
7 爾必達還是生存困難：Hiroko Tabuchi, “In Japan, Bankruptcy for a Builder of PC Chips,” New York Times, February 27, 2012.
8 新加坡等國的政府補貼：Varas et al., “Strengthening the Global Semiconductor Supply Chain in an Uncertain Era,” p. 18.
9 囊括35％的市占率：Ken Koyanagi, “SK-Intel NAND Deal Points to Wider Shake-Up of Chip Sector,” Nikkei Asia, October 23, 2020; “Samsung Electronics Adds NAND Flash Memory Line in Pyeongtaek,” Pulse, June 1, 2020.
10 真男人要有晶圓廠：John East, “Real Men Have Fabs. Jerry Sanders, TJ Rodgers, and AMD,” SemiWiki, July 29, 2019.
1 「不是一家真正的半導體公司」：Paul McLellan, “A Brief History of Chips and Technologies,” SemiWiki, March 19, 2013, https://semiwiki.com/eda/2152-a-brief-history-of-chips-and-technologies/; Interview with Gordon Campbell, 2021.
2 Denny's連鎖餐廳起步：訪問Chris Malachowsky, 2021.
3 移民到肯塔基州：Steve Henn, “Tech Pioneer Channels Hard Lessons into Silicon Valley Success,” NPR, February 20, 2012, https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2012/02/20/147162496/tech-pioneer-channels-hard-iessons-into-silicon-valley-success.
4 複雜的3D立體圖：“Jen-Hsun Huang,” StanfordOnline, YouTube Video, June 23, 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xn1EsFe7snQ.
5 投入大量的資金：Ian Buck, “The Evolution of GPUs for General Purpose Computing,” September 20-23, 2010, https://www.nvidia.com/content/GTC-2010/pdfs/2275_GTC2010.pdf; Don Clark, “Why a 24-Year-Old Chipmaker Is One of Tech's Hot Prospects,” New York Times, September 1, 2017; Pradeep Gupta, “CUDA Refresher: Reviewing the Origins of GPU Computing,” Nvidia, April 23, 2020, https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/cuda-refresher-reviewing-the-origins-of-gpu-computing/.
6 龐大的新市場：Ben Thompson, “Apple to Build Own GPU, the Evolution of GPUs, Apple and the General-Purpose GPU,” Stratechery Newsletter, April 12, 2017; Ben Thompson, “Nvidia's Integration Dreams,” Stratechery Newsletter, September 15, 2020.
7 不可能生產手機：Hsiao-Wen Wang, “TSMC Takes on Samsung,” Commonwealth, May 9, 2013; Timothy B. Lee, “How Qualcomm Shook Down the Cell Phone Industry for Almost 20 years,” Ars Technica, May 30, 2019.
8 數千萬行的程式碼上：訪問Susie Armstrong, 2021.
9 沒有製造任何晶片：Daniel Nenni, “A Detailed History of Qualcomm,” SemiWiki, March 9, 2018; Joel West, “Before Qualcomm: Linkabit and the Origins of San Diego's Telecom Industry,” Journal of San Diego History, https://sandiegohistory.org/journal/v55-1/pdf/v55-1west.pdf.
10 核心優勢：訪問兩位高通的高管, 2021.
1 拆分晶片設計與製造業務：Michael Kanellos, “End of Era as AMD's Sanders Steps Aside,” CNET, April 24, 2002; Peter Bright, “AMD Completes Exit from Chip Manufacturing Biz,” Wired, March 5, 2012.
2 連台積電都擔心落後：訪問蔣尚義, 2021.
3 全球約一半的代工市場：Mark LaPedus, “Will GlobalFoundries Succeed or Fail?” EE Times, September 21, 2010, https://www.eetimes.com/will-globalfoundries-succeed-or-fail/.
4 脫穎而出：Claire Sung and Jessie Shen, “TSMC 40nm Yield Issues Resurface, CEO Promises Fix by Year-End,” Digitimes, October 30, 2009; Mark LaPedus, “TSMC Confirms 40-nm Yield Issues, Gives Predictions,” EE Times, April 30, 2009.
5 就像電梯沿著空井滑落：訪問Rick Cassidy, 2022.
6 最大市占率：Russell Flannery, “Ageless and Peerless in an Era of Fabless,” Forbes, December 9, 2012; Hsiao-Wen Wang, “TSMC Takes on Samsung,” Commonwealth, May 9, 2013.
7 將難以與之匹敵：Wang, “TSMC Takes on Samsung.”
8 公司陷入停滯不前的狀態：Flannery, “Ageless and Peerless in an Era of Fabless.”
9 親自重掌兵符：Lisa Wang, “TSMC Reshuffle Stuns Analysts,” Taipei Times, June 12, 2009; Yin-chuen Wu and Jimmy Hsiung, “I'm Willing to Start from Scratch,” Commonwealth, June 18, 2009.
10 「產能太多比產能不足」更好：Robin Kwong, “Too Much Capacity Better Than Too Little for TSMC,” Financial Times, June 24, 2010.
11 我們才剛剛開始：Flannery, “Ageless and Peerless in an Era of Fabless.”
1 什麼是軟體？Dag Spicer, “Steve Jobs: From Garage to World's Most Valuable Company,” Computer History Museum, December 2, 2011; I was directed to this by Steve Cheney, “1980: Steve Jobs on Hardware and Software Convergence,” Steve Cheney—Technology, Business, and Strategy, August 18, 2013.
2 其他的晶片：關於這些iPhone 1拆解的細節，參見Jonathan Zdziarski, “Chapter 2. Understanding the iPhone,” O'Reilly, https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/iphone-forensics/9780596153588/ch02.html; “iPhone 1st Generation Teardown,” IFIXIT, June 29, 2007.
3 新的iPad與iPhone 4中：Bryan Gardiner, “Four Reasons Apple Bought PA Semi,” Wired, April 23, 2000; Brad Stone, Adam Satariano, and Gwen Ackerman, “The Most Important Apple Executive You've Never Heard Of,” Bloomberg, February 18, 2016.
4 運作得那麼順暢：Ben Thompson, “Apple's Shifting Differentiation,” Stratechery, November 11, 2020; Andrei Frumusanu, “Apple Announces the Apple Silicon M1: Ditching x86—What to Expect, Based on A14,” AnandTech, November 10, 2020.
5 六成以上：Harald Bauer, Felix Grawert, and Sebastian Schink, “Semiconductors for Wireless C ommunications: Growth Engine of the Industry,” McKinsey & Company (Autumn 2012): Exhibit 2.
6 組裝在一起：Harrison Jacobs, “Inside ‘iPhone City,’ the Massive Chinese Factory Town Where Half of the World's iPhones Are Produced,” Business Insider, May 7, 2018.
7 在越南與印度組裝：Yu Nakamura, “Foxconn Set to Make iPhone 12 in India, Shifting from China,” Nikkei Asia, March 11, 2021.
1 40億美元：Dylan McGrath, “Intel Again Cuts Stake in ASML,” EE Times, October 12, 2018.
2 「解決一個不可能的問題」：訪問, 2021.
3 吸出熱量：訪問兩位創浦的高管, 2021.
4 每秒直接命中數百萬次：“TRUMPF Laser Amplifier,” Trumpf, https://www.trumpf.com/enUS/products/laser/euv-drive-laser/.
5 每個雷射器都需要457,329個元件：訪問兩位創浦的高管, 2021; Mark Lourie, “II-VI Incorporated Expands Manufacturing Capacity of Diamond Windows for TRUMPF High Power CO2 Lasers in EUV Lithography,” GlobeNewswire, December 19, 2018, https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2018/12/19/1669962/11543/en/n-VI-Incorporated-Expands-Manufacturing-Capacity-of-Diamond-Windows-for-TRUMPF-High-Power-CO2-Lasers-in-EUV-Lithography.html.
6 1998年發表的一篇論文中指出：C. Montcalm, “Multilayer Reflective Coatings for Extreme-Ultraviolet Lithography,” Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information, March 10, 1998, https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/310916.
7 擊中遠在月球的高爾夫球：“Interview with Dr. Peter Kurz: ‘Hitting a Golf Ball on the Moon,’” World of Photonics, https://world-of-photonics.com/en/newsroom/photonics-industry-portal/photonics-interview/dr-peter-kuerz/; “ZEISS—Breaking New Ground for the Microchips of Tomorrow,” ZEISS Group, YouTube Video, August 2, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XeDCrlxBtTw.
8 「就像設計一台機器」一樣：“Responsible Supply Chain: Setting the Bar Higher for the High-Tech Industry,” ASML, https://www.asml.com/en/company/sustainability/responsible-supply-chain; interview with Frits van Houts, 2021.
9 資助蔡司的研發流程：“Press Release: ZEISS and ASML Strengthen Partnership for Next Generation of EUV Lithography Due in Early 2020s,” ASML, November 3, 2016, https://www.asml.com/en/news/press-releases/2016/zeiss-and-asml-strengthen-partnership-for-next-generation-of-euv-lithography.
10 直接把你們的公司買下來：訪問ASML供應商的高管, 2021.
11 平均至少使用3萬個小時：Igor Fomenkov et al., “Light Sources for High-Volume Manufacturing EUV Lithography: Technology, Performance, and Power Scaling,” Advanced Optical Technologies 6, Issue 3-4 (June 8, 2017).
12 最終會產生一個X：這裡對運算微影製程的描述是引用自Jim Keller, “Moore's Law Is Not Dead,” UC Berkeley EECS Events, YouTube Video, September 18, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oIG9ztQw2Gc.
13 美國生產的關鍵設備：“Trumpf Consolidates EUV Lithography Supply Chain with Access Laser Deal,” Optics.org, October 4, 2017, https://optics.org/news/8/10/6.
1 「沒有替代方案。」：Anthony Yen, “Developing EUV Lithography for High Volume Manufacturing—A Personal Journey,” IEEE Technical Briefs, https://www.ieee.org/ns/periodicals/EDS/EDS-APRIL-2021-HTML-V2/InnerFiles/LandPage.html.
2 他們的配偶也不會抱怨：訪問蔣尚義, 2021.
3 測試與改進EUV機台：Lisa Wang, “TSMC Stalwart Takes SMIC Role,” Taipei Times, December 22, 2016; Jimmy Hsiung, “Shang-yi Chiang: Rallying the Troops,” CommonWealth, December 5, 2007; 訪問蔣尚義與嚴濤南, 2021.
4 特許半導體：Timothy Prickett Morgan, “AMD's GlobalFoundries Consumes Chartered Semi Rival,” Register, January 14, 2010.
5 一個倒金字塔：訪問IBM的前高管, 2021.
6 把晶片部門賣給了格芯：訪問兩位半導體業的高管, 2021.
7 約10％的代工市占率：“Apple Drove Entire Foundry Sales Increase at TSMC in 2015,” IC Insights, April 26, 2016.
8 格芯僅70萬：“Samsung, TSMC Remain Tops in Available Wafer Fab Capacity,” IC Insights, January 6, 2016. 這個數字計算的每月晶圓是200 mm（8吋）晶圓。當時，該產業的最先進製程正轉向300 mm（12吋）晶圓，每片晶圓可容納的晶片數量約為兩倍。因此，以300 mm晶圓來算的每月晶圓較少。
9 14奈米製程的授權：Peter Bright, “AMD Completes Exit from Chip Manufacturing Biz,” Wired, March 5, 2012.
10 取消EUV計畫：訪問三位格芯的前高管，其中一位主要談EUV, 2021; 關於研發支出，參見GlobalFoundries’ IPO prospectus, Security and Exchange Commission, October 4, 2021, p. 81, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001709048/000119312521290644/d192411df1.htm. 亦參見Mark Gilbert, “Q4 Hiring Remains Strong Outlook for Q1 2019,” SemiWiki, November 4, 2018, https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-manufacturers/globalfoundries/7749-globalfoundrie-pivot-explained/q.
1 有更多的機會可以精進製程：Nick Flaherty, “Top Five Chip Makers Dominate Global Wafer Capacity,” eeNews, February 11, 2021.
2 高達數百萬美元：Or Sharir, Barak Peleg, and Yoav Shoham, “The Cost of Training NLP Models: A Concise Overview,” AI21 Labs, April 2020.
3 美國最有價值的半導體公司：Wallace Witkowski, “Nvidia Surpasses Intel as Largest U.S. Chip Maker by Market Cap,” MarketWatch, July 8, 2020.
4 每月10萬美元以上：“Cloud TPU Pricing,” Google Cloud, https://aoud.google.com/tpu/pricing; prices as of November 5, 2021.
5 我們的代工事業：Chris Nuttall, “Chip Off the Old Block Takes Helm at Intel,” Financial Times, May 2, 2013.
6 並未獲得優先考量：訪問英特爾代工廠的前高管, 2021.
7 經營短短幾年後就關閉了：Dylan McGrath, “Intel Confirmed as Foundry for Second FPGA Startup,” EE Times, February 21, 2012.
8 出了什麼問題：Joel Hruska, “Intel Acknowledges It Was ‘Too Aggressive’ with Its 10nm Plans,” Extreme Tech, July 18, 2019.
9 延遲採用EUV機台：訪問Pat Gelsinger, Bloomberg, January 19, 2021, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2022-01-19/intel-ceo-gelsinger-on-year-ahead-for-global-business-video.
10 安裝在台積電：Ian Cutress, “TSMC: We Have 50% of All EUV Installations, 60% Wafer Capacity,” AnandTech, August 27, 2020.
1 就沒有現代化：Rogier Creemers, ed., “Central Leading Group for Internet Security and Informatization Established,” China Copyright and Media, March 1, 2014, https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2014/03/01/central-leading-group-for-internet-security-and-informatization-established/.
2 真正的政治改革的領導人：Evan Osnos, “Xi's American Journey,” New Yorker, February 15, 2012.
3 網路上的交流內容：Katie Hunt and CY Xu, “China Employs 2 Million to Police Internet,’” CNN, October 7, 2013.
4 互聯網讓世界變成了地球村：Rogier Creemers, ed., Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Work Conference for Cybersecurity and Informatization,” China Copyright and Media, April 19, 2016, https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2016/04/19/speech-at-the-work-conference-for-cybersecurity-and-informatization/, 經翻譯調整.
5 掌握在別人手裡：同前.
6 只配對英特爾的芯片：同前.
7 都需要美國的晶片才能運行：個人電腦中幾乎所有的CPU晶片都是由美國的英特爾或AMD設計，但這兩家公司的晶片都是在其他國家生產。
8 比進口石油的支出還多：關於積體電路（8542）與石油（2709），參見聯合國貿易資料庫Comtrade。
9 充分利用監控技術：Drew Harwell and Eva Dou, “Huawei Tested AI Software That Could Recognize Uighur Minorities and Alert Police, Report Says,” Washington Post, December 8, 2020.
10 英特爾與輝達等美國公司的晶片：Paul Mozur and Don Clark, “China's Surveillance State Sucks Up Data. U.S. Tech Is Key to Sorting It,” New York Times, November 22, 2020.
11 建立半導體產業：Oral History of Morris Chang, Computer History Museum.
1 沒有人會成為貿易戰的贏家：Anna Bruce-Lockhart, “Top Quotes by China President Xi Jinping at Davos 2017,” World Economic Forum, January 17, 2017, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/01/chinas-xi-jinping-at-davos-2017-top-quotes/.
2 「保護將帶來蓬勃與強大」：“Full Text: 2017 Donald Trump Inauguration Speech Transcript,” Politico, January 20, 2017.
3 比美國總統當選人更像總統：Ian Bremmer, “Xi sounding rather more presidential than US president-elect. #Davos,” Twitter, January 17, 2017, https://twitter.com/ianbremmer/status/821304485226119169.
4 習近平力捍全球化：Jamil Anderlini, Wang Feng, and Tom Mitchell, “Xi Jinping Delivers Robust Defence of Globalisation at Davos,” Financial Times, January 17, 2017; Xi Jinping, “Full Text of Xi Jinping Keynote at the World Economic Forum,” CGTN, January 17, 2017, https://america.cgtn.com/2017/01/17/full-text-of-xi-jinping-keynote-at-the-world-economic-forum.
5 全球化的希望：Max Ehrenfreund, “World Leaders Find Hope for Globalization in Davos Amid Populist Revolt,” Washington Post, January 17, 2017.
6 把目光投向了中國：Isaac Stone Fish, “A Communist Party Man at Davos,” Atlantic, January 18, 2017.
7 組成攻關的突擊隊、特種兵：http://politics.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0420/c1001-28291806.html; Creemers, ed., Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Work Conference for Cybersecurity and Informatization.”
8 共產黨官僚與地方政府官員所阻撓：關於習近平的無能為力vs.現狀，參見Daniel H. Rosen, “China's Economic Reckoning,” Foreign Affairs, July-August 2021.
9 市場份額加速向優勢企業集中：China's State Council report, “Outline for Promoting the Development of the National Integrated Circuit Industry,” http://www.csia.net.cn/Article/ShowInfo.asp?InfoID=88343.
10 資料顯示：Saif M. Khan, Alexander Mann, and Dahlia Peterson, “The Semiconductor Supply Chain: Assessing National Competitiveness,” Center for Security and Emerging Technology, January 2021, p. 8, https://cset.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/The-Semiconductor-Supply-Chain-Issue-Brief.pdf.
11 取得這類晶片：Saif M. Khan and Alexander Mann, “AI Chips: What They Are and Why They Matter,” Center for Security and Emerging Technology, April 2020, pp. 29-31, https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/ai-chips-what-they-are-and-why-they-matter/.
12 亦即把晶片自給率提升至70％：“China Forecast to Fall Far Short of Its ‘Made in China 2025’ Goals for ICs,” IC Insights, January 6, 2021, https://www.icinsights.com/news/bulletins/China-Forecast-To-Fall-Far-Short-Of-Its-Made-In-China-2025-Goals-For-ICs/
13 中國政府取代了民間投資者：“Dr. Zixue Zhou Appointed as Chairman of SMIC,” press release, SMIC, March 6, 2015, http://www.smics.com/en/site/news_read/4539; Doug Fuller, Paper Tigers, Hidden Dragons (Oxford University Press, 2016) 記錄了政府影響力增加的早期階段。
14 遍布全國的低效小廠：訪問一家中國代工廠的前執行長, 2021; Fuller, Paper Tigers, Hidden Dragons.
15 『我們一起來賠錢吧。』：訪問歐洲半導體業的高管, 2020.
16 市政府的投資機構：Barry Naughton, Rise of China's Industrial Policy, 1978 to 2020 (Academic Network of Latin America and the Caribbean on China, 2021), p. 114.
17 國家支持的「創投」新模式：Arthur Kroeber, “The Venture Capitalist State,” GaveKal Dragonomics, March 2021.
18 只有政府有本錢冒這種風險：Dieter Ernest, From Catching Up to Forging Ahead: China's Policies for Semiconductors (East West Center, 2015), p 19.
19 降低中國使用的外國晶片比例：Luffy Liu, “Countdown: How Close Is China to 40% Chip Self-Sufficiency?” EE Times, April 11, 2019.
20 「紅色供應鏈」：https://www.cw.com.tw/article/5053334; https://www.twse.com.tw/ch/products/publication/download/0003000156.pdf. Thanks to Wei-Ting Chen for help translating these documents.
1 IBM覺得那是很好的機會：David Wolf, “Why Buy the Hardware When China Is Getting the IP for Free?” Foreign Policy, April 24, 2015.
2 與美國的網路監控單位有合作關係：IBM denied giving the National Security Agency any client data; Claire Cain Miller, “Revelations of N.S.A. Spying Cost U.S. Tech Companies,” New York Times, March 21, 2014; Sam Gustin, “IBM: We Haven't Given the NSA Any Client Data,” Time, March 14, 2014.
3 一系列重大的經濟改革：Matthew Miller, “IBM's CEO Visits China for Trust-Building Talks with Govt Leaders: Sources,” Reuters, February 12, 2014.
4 中國高層官員：See July 2014 meeting with Beijing mayor, IBM News, “Today, #IBM CEO Ginni Rometty met with Beijing Mayor Wang Anshun at the Beijing Convention Center in #China.[PHOTO],” Twitter, July 9, 2014, https://mobile.twitter.com/ibmnews/status/486873143911669760; 2016 meeting with Li Keqiang, “Ginni Rometty of IBM Meets Chinese Premier Li Keqiang,” Forbes, October 22, 2016.
5 資訊安全的承諾：Miller, “IBM's CEO Visits China for Trust-Building Talks with Govt Leaders: Sources.”
6 「加強集成電路領域的合作交換」：“Chinese Vice Premier Meets IBM President,” English.People.CN, November 13, 2014, http://en.people.cn/n/2014/1113/c90883-8808371.html.
7 市占率很小：Timothy Prickett Morgan, “X86 Servers Dominate the Datacenter——for Now,” Next Platform, June 4, 2015.
8 國產的電腦系統：Paul Mozur, “IBM Venture with China Stirs Concerns,” New York Times, April 19, 2015.
9 「巨大的安全風險」：同前.
10 主要收入來源：“China Deal Squeezes Royalty Cuts from Qualcomm,” EE Times, February 10, 2015.
11 先進晶片的經驗：Chen Qingqing, “Qualcomm's Failed JV Reveals Poor Chipset Strategy Amid Rising Competition: Insiders,” Global Times, April 22, 2019; Aaron Tilley, Wayne Ma, and Juro Osawa, “Qualcomm's China Venture Shows Risks of Beijing's Tech Ambition,” Information, April 3, 2019; Li Tao, “Qualcomm Said to End Chip Partnership with Local Government in China's Rural Guizhou Province,” South China Morning Post, April 19, 2019.
12 該聯盟的一員：“Server and Cloud Leaders Collaborate to Create China-Based Green Computing Consortium,” Arm, April 15, 2016, https://www.arm.com/company/news/2016/04/server-and-cloud-leaders-collaborate-to-create-china-based-green-computing-consortium.
13 跳槽到飛騰：See “Wei Li,” LinkedIn, https://www.iinkedin.com/in/wei-li-8b0490b/?originalSubdomain=cn; Ellen Nakashima and Gerry Shih, “China Builds Advanced Weapons Systems Using American Chip Technology,” Washington Post, April 9, 2021.
14 「世界級的」：“AMD and Nantong Fujitsu Microelectronics Co., Ltd. Close on Semiconductor Assembly and Test Joint Venture,” AMD, April 29, 2016,
15 達成一項協議：這家與AMD成立的合資企業中，投資者之一是中國的國營機構中國科學院; see Ian Cutress and Wendell Wilson, “Testing a Chinese x86 CPU: A Deep Dive into Zen-Based Hygon Dhyana Processors,” AnandTech, February 27, 2020.
16 「對微處理器、半導體或中國一無所知」：訪問晶片業的業內人士, 2021.
17 並不是依賴授權協議的資金：訪問Stacy Rasgon, 2021.
18 只是在微調AMD的設計：訪問一名業內人士與一名前美國官員, 2021; Don Clark, “AMD to License Chip Technology to China Chip Venture,” Wall Street Journal, April 21, 2016; Usman Pirzada, “No, AMD Did Not Sell the Keys to the x86 Kingdom—Here's How the Chinese Joint Venture Works,” Wccftech, June 29, 2019; Cutress and Wilson, “Testing a Chinese x86 CPU”; Stewart Randall, “Did AMD Really Give Away ‘Keys to the Kingdom’?” TechNode, July 10, 2019.
19 「根本使命」：Kate O'Keeffe and Brian Spegele, “How a Big U.S. Chip Maker Gave China the ‘Keys to the Kingdom,’” Wall Street Journal, June 27, 2019.
20 肯定會引起華府的懷疑：“AMD EPYC Momentum Grows with Datacenter Commitments from Tencent and JD.com, New Product Details from Sugon and Lenovo,” press release, AMD, August 23, 2017, https://ir.amd.com/news-events/press-releases/detail/788/amd-epyc-momentum-grows-with-datacenter-commitments-from; 訪問前美國官員, 2021.
21 「核武與高超音速武器」：Craig T imberg and Ellen N akashima, “Supercomputing Is Latest Front in U.S.-China High-Tech Battle,” Washington Post, June 21, 2019; Industry and Security Bureau, “Addition of Entities to the Entity List and Revision of an Entry on the Entity List,” Federal Register, June 24, 2019, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/06/24/2019-13245/addition-of-entities-to-the-entity-list-and-revision-of-an-entry-on-the-entity-list; Michael Kan, “US Tries to Thwart China's Work on Exascale Supercomputer by Blocking Exports,” PC Mag, April 8, 2021.
22 它與中國軍方的關連：“Statement of Elsa Kania,” in “Hearing on Technology, Trade, and Military-Civil Fusion: China's Pursuit of Artificial Intelligence, New Materials, and New Energy,” U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, June 7, 2019, p. 69, https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/2019-une%207,%202019%20Hearing%20Transcript.pdf.
23 是如何取得AMD晶片的：Anton Shilov, “Chinese Server Maker Sugon Has Its Own Radeon Instinct MI50 Compute Cards (Updated),” Tom's Hardware, October 15, 2020, https://www.tomshardware.com/news/chinese-server-maker-sugon-has-its-own-radeon-instinct-mi50-compute-cards. 我請AMD的一名代表提供AMD與曙光關係的相關資訊，但未獲得回應。
24 中國政府的政治施壓：Alexandra Alper and Greg Roumeliotis, “Exclusive: U.S. Clears SoftBank's $2.25 Billion Investment in GM-Backed Cruise,” Reuters, July 5, 2019; Dan Primack, “SoftBank's CFIUS Workaround,” Axios, November 29, 2018; Heather Somerville, “SoftBank Picking Its Battles with U.S. National Security Committee,” Reuters, April 11, 2019.
25 51％的股份：Cheng Ting-Fang, Lauly Li, and Michelle Chan, “How SoftBank's Sale of Arm China Sowed the Seeds of Discord,” Nikkei Asia, June 16, 2020; “Inside the Battle for Arm China,” Financial Times, June 26, 2020.
26 以前，那是我們做不到的：Cheng Ting-Fang and Debby Wu, “ARM in China Joint Venture to Help Foster ‘Secure’ Chip Technology,” Nikkei Asia, May 30, 2017.
1 晶片億萬富豪：Nobutaka Hirooka, “Inside Tsinghua Unigroup, a Key Player in China's Chip Strategy,” Nikkei Asia, November 12, 2020; “University's Deal Spree Exposes Zhao as Chip Billionaire,” China Daily, March 25, 2015.
2 踏上累積億萬財富之路：Hirooka, “Inside Tsinghua Unigroup”； Yue Wang, “Meet Tsinghua's Zhao Weiguo, the Man Spearheading China's Chip Ambition,” Forbes, July 29, 2015.
3 與趙偉國有私交：Kenji Kawase, “Was Tsinghua Unigroup's Bond Default a Surprise?” Nikkei Asia, December 4, 2020; Eva Dou, “China's Biggest Chip Maker's Possible Tie-Up with H-P Values Unit at Up to $5 Billion,” Wall Street Journal, April 15, 2015; Wang, “Meet Tsinghua's Zhao Weiguo”; Yue Wang, “Tsinghua Spearheads China's Chip Drive,” Nikkei Asia, July 29, 2015.
4 習近平的大學室友：Dieter Ernst, “China's Bold Strategy for Semiconductors—Zero-Sum Game or Catalyst for Cooperation?” East-West Center, September 2016; Willy Wo-Lap Lam, “Members of the Xi Jinping Clique Revealed,” The Jamestown Foundation, February 7, 2014; Chen Xi stepped down as Tsinghua University president at the end of 2008.
5 所有的交易都是市場導向的：Wang, “Meet Tsinghua's Zhao Weiguo.”
6 但你不會知道：Dou, “China's Biggest Chip Maker's Possible Tie-Up with H-P Values Unit at Up to $5 Billion.”
7 依然令人咋舌：Zijing Wu and Jonathan Browning, “China University Deal Spree Exposes Zhao as Chip Billionaire,” Bloomberg, March 23, 2015.
8 任何綜效已經出現：Saabira Chaudhuri, “Spreadtrum Communications Agrees to $1.78 Billion Takeover,” Wall Street Journal, July 12, 2013.
9 與英特爾達成一項協定：“Intel and Tsinghua Unigroup Collaborate to Accelerate Development and Adoption of Intel-Based Mobile Devices,” news release, Intel Newsroom, September 25, 2014, https://newsroom.intel.com/news-releases/intel-and-tsinghua-unigroup-collaborate-to-accelerate-development-and-adoption-of-intel-based-mobile-devices/#gs.7y1hjm.
10 中國的「國家重點」：Eva Dou and Wayne Ma, “Intel Invests $1.5 Billion for State in Chinese Chip Maker,” Wall Street Journal, September 26, 2014; Cheng Ting-Fang, “Intel's 5G Modem Alliance with Beijing-Backed Chipmaker Ends,” Nikkei Asia, February 26, 2019.
11 接受240億美元：Paul McLellan, “Memory in China: XMC,” Cadence, April 15, 2016, https://community.cadence.com/cadence_blogs_8/b/breakfast-bytes/posts/china-memory-2; “China's Tsinghua Unigroup to Build $30 Billion Nanjing Chip Plant,” Reuters, January 19, 2017; Eva Dou, “Tsinghua Unigroup Acquires Control of XMC in Chinese-Chip Deal,” Wall Street Journal, July 26, 2016.
12 也投資房地產與線上博奕：Josh Horwitz, “Analysis: China's Would-Be Chip Darling Tsinghua Unigroup Bedevilled by Debt and Bad Bets,” Reuters, January 19, 2021.
13 逾10億美元的計畫：Dou, “China's Biggest Chip Maker's Possible Tie-Up with H-P Values Unit at Up to $5 Billion.”
14 台灣半導體業的高管：Josephine Lien and Jessie Shen, “Former UMC CEO to Join Tsinghua Unigroup,” Digitimes Asia, January 10, 2017; Matthew Fulco, “Taiwan Chipmakers Eye China Market,” Taiwan Business Topics, February 8, 2017, https://topics.amcham.com.tw/2017/02/taiwan-chipmakers-eye-china-market/.
15 成立合資企業：Debby Wu and Cheng Ting-Fang, “Tsinghua Unigroup-SPIL Deal Axed on Policy Worries,” Nikkei Asia, April 28, 2016.
16 台灣的重要企業：Peter Clarke, “China's Tsinghua Interested in MediaTek,” EE News, November 3, 2015.
17 禁止進口台灣的晶片：Simon Mundy, “Taiwan's Chipmakers Push for China Thaw,” Financial Times, December 6, 2015; Zou Chi, TNL Media Group, November 3, 2015, https://www.thenewslens.com/article/30138.
18 而且對股東有利：Cheng Ting-Fang, “Chipmaker Would Sell Stake to China ‘If the Price Is Right,’” Nikkei Asia, November 7, 2015.
19 就不是那麼容易了：J. R. Wu, “Chinese Investors Should Not Get Board Seats on Taiwan Chip Firms—TSMC Chief,” Reuters, June 7, 2016.
20 在全球晶片業的地位與競爭力」的努力：J. R. Wu, “Taiwan's Mediatek Says Open to Cooperation with China in Chip Sector,” Reuters, November 2, 2015.
21 無法逃避這個議題：Ben Bland and Simon Mundy, “Taiwan Considers Lifting China Semiconductor Ban,” Financial Times, November 22, 2015.
22 晶片廠商美光：Eva Dou and Don Clark, “State-Owned Chinese Chip Maker Tsinghua Unigroup Makes $23 Billion Bid for Micron,” Wall Street Journal, July 14, 2015.
23 美國政府的安全考量：訪問兩位前資深官員, 2021.
24 以37億美元：Eva Dou and Don Clark, “Arm of China-Controlled Tsinghua to Buy 15% Stake in Western Digital,” Wall Street Journal, September 30, 2015.
25 沒有想要收購萊迪思的意圖：Eva Dou and Robert McMillan, “China's Tsinghua Unigroup Buys Small Stake in U.S. Chip Maker Lattice,” Wall Street Journal, April 14, 2016.
26 萊迪思的持股：Ed Lin, “China Inc. Retreats from Lattice Semiconductor,” Barron's, October 7, 2016.
27 凱橋獲得中國政府的祕密資助：Liana Baker, Koh Gui Qing, and Julie Zhu, “Chinese Government Money Backs Buyout Firm's Deal for U.S. Chipmaker,” Reuters, November 28, 2016. 中國政府擁有的中國國新控股有限公司（China Reform Holding）是凱橋的關鍵投資者; see Junko Yoshida, “Does China Have Imagination? EE Times, April 14, 2020.
28 進想科技（Imagination）：Nick Fletcher, “Imagination Technologies Jumps 13% as Chinese Firm Takes 3% Stake,” Guardian, May 9, 2016.
29 遭到美國政府的阻擋：“Canyon Bridge Confident Imagination Deal Satisfies UK Government,” Financial Times, September 25, 2017; Turner et al., “Canyon Bridge Is Said to Ready Imagination Bid Minus U.S. Unit,” Bloomberg, September 7, 2017.
30 重組董事會時：Nic Fides, “Chinese Move to Take Control of Imagination Technologies Stalls,” Financial Times, April 7, 2020.
31 被判內線交易罪：“USA v. Chow,” https://www.corporatedefensedisputes.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2021/04/United-States-v.-Chow-2d-Cir.-Apr.-6-2021.pdf; “United States of America v. B enj amin Chow,” https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/press-release/file/1007536/download; Jennifer Bennett, “Canyon Bridge Founder's Insider Trading Conviction Upheld,” Bloomberg Law, April 6, 2021.
32 政治脈絡來看待：Wang, “Meet Tsinghua's Zhao Weiguo.”
33 新的「投資」：Sijia Jang, “China's Tsinghua Unigroup Signs Financing Deal for Up to 150 Bln Yuan,” Reuters, March 28, 2017.
1 確實有據可查：Chairman Mike Rogers and Ranking Member C. A. Dutch Ruppersberger, “Investigative Report on the U.S. National Security Issues Posed by Chinese Telecommunications Companies Huawei and ZTE,” Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, U.S. House of Representatives, October 8, 2012, https://republicans-intelligence.house.gov/sites/intelligence.hcuse.gsv/files/decuments/huawei-zte%20investigative%20report%20(final).pdf, pp. 11-25.
2 服裝合成纖維的工廠工作：William Kirby et al., “Huawei: A Global Tech Giant in the Crossfire of a Digital Cold War,” Harvard Business School Case N-1-320-089, p. 2.
3 製造交換設備：Kirby et al., “Huawei”; Jeff Black, Allen Wan, and Zhu Lin, “Xi Jinping's Tech Wonderland Runs into Headwinds,” Bloomberg, September 29, 2020.
4 美國競爭對手思科（Cisco）：Scott Thurm, “Huawei Admits Copying Code from Cisco in Router Software,” Wall Street Journal, March 24, 2003.
5 據傳華為因此受益：Tom Blackwell, “Exclusive: Did Huawei Bring Down Nortel? Corporate Espionage, Theft, and the Parallel Rise and Fall of Two Telecom Giants,” National Post, February 20, 2020.
6 年度研發預算約為150億美元：Nathaniel Ahrens, “China's Competitiveness,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, February 2013, https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_$les/$les/publication/130215_competitiveness_Huawei_casestudy_Web.pdf
7 到美國參訪：Tian Tao and Wu Chunbo, The Huawei Story (Sage Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2016), p. 53.
8 落後了一百年：訪問對象之前是IBM顧問，後來成為華為員工, 2021.
9 勝利是軍人的最大奉獻：Raymond Zhong, “Huawei's ‘Wolf Culture’ Helped It Grow, and Got It into Trouble,” New York Times, December 18, 2018.
10 從中學習商業啟示：“Stanford Engineering Hero Lecture: Morris Chang in Conversation with President John L. Hennessy,” Stanford Online, YouTube Video, April 25, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEh3ZgbvBrE.
11 總額高達750億美元：Chuin-Wei Yap, “State Support Helped Fuel Huawei's Global Rise,” Wall Street Journal, December 25, 2019.
12 曾造訪該公司：Ahrens, “China's Competitiveness.”
13 民主黨或共和黨」一樣：Tao and Chunbo, The Huawei Story, p. 58; Mike Rogers and Dutch Ruppersberger, “Investigative Report on the U.S. National Security Issues Posed by Chinese Telecommunications Companies Huawei and ZTE,” U.S. House of Representatives, October 8, 2012, https://stacks.stanford.edu/file/druid:rm226yb7473/Huawei-ZTE%20Investigative%20Report%20(FINAL).pdf.
14 盡量改由內部設計：訪問對象之前是IBM顧問，後來成為華為員工, 2021.
15 成為台積電的第二大客戶：Cheng Ting-Fang and Lauly Li, “TSMC Halts New Huawei Orders After US Tightens Restrictions,” Nikkei Asia, May 18, 2020.
1 如衣櫃大小的開關設備：訪問Ken Hunkler, 2021.
2 而且更省電：訪問Dave Robertson, 2021.
3 「類似智慧型手機」：Spencer Chin, “Teardown Reveals the Tesla S Resembles a Smartphone,” Power Electronics, October 28, 2014.
4 價格又有競爭力的設備：Ray Le Maistre, “BT's McRae: Huawei Is ‘the Only True 5G Supplier Right Now,’” Light Reading, November 21, 2018.
5 做了一項研究：Norio Matsumoto and Naoki Watanabe, “Huawei's Base Station Teardown Shows Dependence on US-Made Parts,” Nikkei Asia, October 12, 2020.
1 「心理核戰」：Liu Zhen, “China-US Rivalry: How the Gulf War Sparked Beijing's Military Revolution,” South China Morning Post, January 18, 2021; 亦參見Harlan W. Jencks, “Chinese Evaluations of ‘Desert Storm': Implications for PRC Security,” Journal of East Asian Affairs 6, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 1992): 447-477.
2 成為全球AI超級大國：“Final Report,” National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence, p. 25.
3 已經至少10年了：Elsa B. Kania, “‘AI Weapons’ in China's Military Innovation,” Global China, Brookings Institution, April 2020.
4 三大要件：Ben Buchanan, “The AI Triad and What It Means for National Security Strategy,” Center for Security and Emerging Technology, August 2020.
5 沒有任何的先天優勢：Matt Sheehan, “Much Ado About Data: How America and China Stack Up,” MacroPolo, July 16, 2019, https://macropolo.org/ai-data-us-china/?rp=e.
6 頂尖AI研究人員：“The Global AI Talent Tracker,” MacroPolo, https://macropolo.org/digital-projects/the-global-ai-talent-tracker/.
7 由輝達設計：White Paper on China's Computing Power Development Index,” tr. Jeffrey Ding, China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, September 2021, https://docs.google.com/documenVd/1Mq5vpZQe7nrKgkYJA2-yZNV1Eo8swh_w36TUEzFWIWs/edit#, 原始中文來源：http://www.caict.ac.cn/kXyj/qwfb/bps/202109/t20210918_390058.htm.
8 遭美國出口管制的公司：yan Fedasiuk, Jennifer Melot, and Ben Murphy, “Harnessed Lightning: How the Chinese Military Is Adopting Artificial Intelligence,” CSET, October 2021, https:〃cset.georgetown.edu/publication/harnessed-lightning/, esp. fn 84; on civil military fusion, see Elsa B. Kania and Lorand Laskai, “Myths and Realities of China's Military-Civil Fusion Strategy,” Center for a New American Security, January 28, 2021.
9 才會勝出：Gian Gentile, Michael Shurkin, Alexandra T. Evans, Michelle Grise, Mark Hvizda, and Rebecca Jensen, “A History of the Third Offset, 2014-2018,” Rand Corporation, 2021; “Remarks by Deputy Secretary Work on Third Offset Strategy,” U.S. Department of Defense, April 28, 2016.
10 能夠相互溝通及協調：“DARPA Tiles Together a Vision of Mosaic Warfare,” Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, https://www.darpa.mil/work-with-us/darpa-tiles-together-a-vision-of-mosiac-warfare.
11 「人機協作」的研究專案：“Designing Agile Human-Machine Teams,” Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, November 28, 2016, https://www.darpa.mil/program/2016-11-28.
12 出於安全考量：Roger N. McDermott, “Russia's Electronic Warfare Capabilities to 2025,” International Centre for Defence and Security, September 2017; “Study Maps ‘Extensive Russian GPS Spoofing,’ ” BBC News, April 2, 2019.
13 替代導航系統：“Adaptable Navigation Systems (ANS) (Archived),” Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, https://www.darpa.mil/program/adaptable-navigation-systems.
14 偵查與通訊能力：Bryan Clark and Dan Patt, “The US Needs a Strategy to Secure Microelectronics—Not Just Funding,” Hudson Institute, March 15, 2021.
15 新專案：“DARPA Electronics Resurgence Initiative,” Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, June 28, 2021, https://www.darpa.mil/work-with-us/electronics-resurgence-initiative.
16 電晶體結構的研究：On FinFET, see Tekla S. Perry, “How the Father of FinFETs Helped Save Moore's Law,” IEEE Spectrum, April 21, 2020.
17 降至10％到15％：Norman J. Asher and Leland D. Strom, “The Role of the Department of Defense in the Development of Integrated Circuits,” Institute for Defense Analyses, May 1977, p. 74.
18 可能耗資數億美元：Ed Sperling, “How Much Will That Chip Cost?” Semiconductor Engineering, March 27, 2014.
19 分別稱為Spectre和Meltdown：Cade Metz and Nicole Perlroth, “Researchers Discover Two Major Flaws in the World's Computers,” New York Times, January 3, 2018.
20 披露了那些漏洞：Robert McMillan and Liza Lin, “Intel Warned Chinese Companies of Chip Flaws Before U.S. Government,” Wall Street Journal, January 28, 2018.
21 採取「零信任」：Serge Leef, “Supply Chain Hardware Integrity for Electronics Defense (SHIELD) (Archived),” Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, https://www.darpa.mil/program/supply-chain-hardware-integrity-for-electronics-defense#:~:text=The%20goal%20of%20DARPA's%20SHIELD,consuming%20to%20be%20cost%20e/ective; “A DARPA Approach to Trusted Microelectronics,” https://www.darpa.mil/attachments/ATrustthroughTechnologyApproach_FINAL.PDF.
22 正逐漸下滑的技術上：“Remarks by Deputy Secretary Work on Third Offset Strategy.”
23 是幾乎不可能的：訪問前美國官員, 2021; Gian Gentile, Michael Shurkin, Alexandra T. Evans, Michelle Grise, Mark Hvizda, and Rebecca Jensen, “A History of the Third Offset, 2014-2018.”
1 看到「他眼中明顯的恐懼」時：訪問前美國官員, 2021.
2 把我們都埋了：同前.
3 不認為晶片是重要的問題：同前.
4 備受矚目的演講：“U.S. Secretary of Commerce Penny Pritzker Delivers Major Policy Address on Semiconductors at Center for Strategic and International Studies,” speech by Penny Pritzker, U.S. Department of Commerce, November 2, 2016.
5 發布了一份報告：“Ensuring Long-Term U.S. Leadership in Semiconductors,” report to the president, President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, January 2017.
6 一概否認：Mike Rogers and Dutch Ruppersberger, “Investigative Report on the U.S. National Security Issues Posed by Chinese Telecommunications Companies Huawei and ZTE,” U.S. House of Representatives, October 8, 2012; Kenji Kawase, “ZTE's Less-Known Roots: Chinese Tech Company Falls from Grace,” Nikkei Asia, April 27, 2018; Nick McKenzie and Angus Grigg, “China's ZTE Was Built to Spy and Bribe, Court Documents Allege,” Sydney Morning Herald, May 31, 2018; Nick McKenzie and Angus Grigg, “Corrupt Chinese Company on Telstra Shortlist,” Sydney Morning Herald, May 13, 2018; “ZTE Tops 2006 International CDMA Market,” CIOL Bureau, https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230100/ http://www.ciol.com/ciol-techportal/Content/Mobility/News/2007/20703081355.asp.
7 向伊朗與北韓供應產品：Juro Osawa and Eva Dou, “U.S. to Place Trade Restrictions on China's ZTE,” Wall Street Journal, March 7, 2016; Paul Mozur, “U.S. Subpoenas Huawei Over Its Dealings in Iran and North Korea,” New York Times, June 2, 2016.
8 以另一種方式懲罰中興：訪問兩位歐巴馬政府時期的官員, 2021; Osawa and Dou, “U.S. to Place Trade Restrictions on China's ZTE.”
9 在生效以前就取消了：Industry and Security Bureau, “Removal of Certain Persons from the Entity List; Addition of a Person to the Entity List; and EAR Conforming Change,” Federal Register, March 29, 2017, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/03/29/2017-06227/removal-of-certain-persons-from-the-entity-list-addition-of-a-person-to-the-entity-list-and-ear; Brian Heater, “ZTE Pleads Guilty to Violating Iran Sanctions, Agrees to $892 Million Fine,” TechCrunch, March 7, 2017.
10 「剽竊我們」：Veronica Stracqualursi, “10 Times Trump Attacked China and Its Trade Relations with the US,” ABC News, November 9, 2017.
11 但你也無能為力：訪問四位前資深官員, 2021.
12 這塊基石上：訪問前資深官員, 2021.
13 作為因應中國策略的一部分：同前.
14 引發強烈的反彈：Lucinda Shen, “Donald Trump's Tweets Triggered Intel CEO's Exit from Business Council,” Fortune, November 9, 2017; Dawn Chmielewski and Ina Fried, “Intel's CEO Planned, Then Scrapped, a Donald Trump Fundraiser,” CNBC, June 1, 2016.
15 頭號客戶就是我們的頭號競爭對手：訪問前資深官員, 2021.
16 相對於中國的地位：訪問三位前資深官員, 2021.
17 貿易問題：Chad Bown, Euijin Jung, and Zhiyao Lu, “Trump, China, and Tariffs: From Soybeans to Semiconductors,” Vox EU, June 19, 2018.
18 違反了認罪協議的條款：Steve Stecklow, Karen Freifeld, and Sijia Jiang, “U.S. Ban on Sales to China's ZTE Opens Fresh Front as Tensions Escalate,” Reuters, April 16, 2018.
19 「幾乎無人知曉」：訪問資深官員, 2021.
20 「中國會失去太多工作機會」：Dan Strumpf and John D. McKinnon, “Trump Extends Lifeline to Sanctioned Tech Company ZTE,” Wall Street Journal, May 13, 2018; Scott Horsley and Scott Neuman, “President Trump Puts ‘America First’ on Hold to Save Chinese Jobs,” NPR, May 14, 2018.
1 「清除電腦資料」：這敘述是援引自“United States of America v. United Microelectronics Corporation, et al., Defendant(s),” United States District Court for the Northern District of California, September 27, 2018, https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1107251/download and “MICRON TECHNOLOGY, INC.'S COMPLAINT.” 聯電對這些指控認罪，以此作為與美國政府和解的一部分。涉案的聯電員工在台灣法院因刑事罪名遭到起訴、罰款、判刑 ; Office of Public Affairs, “Taiwan Company Pleads Guilty to Trade Secret Theft in Criminal Case Involving PRC State-Owned Company,” U.S. Department of Justice, October 28, 2020, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/taiwan-company-pleads-guilty-trade-secret-theft-criminal-case-involving-prc-state-owned.
2 逾50億美元的政府資金時：Chuin-Wei Yap and Yoko Kubota, “U.S. Ban Threatens Beijing’s Ambitions as Tech Power,” Wall Street Journal, October 30, 2018.
3 約7億美元的報酬：Chuin-Wei Yap, “Micron Barred from Selling Some Products in China,” Wall Street Journal, July 4, 2018.
4 但聯電又不產DRAM：在福建晉華一案中，聯電強調其先前在記憶體晶片方面的專業，但其2016年的年報強調：「我們並無意進軍DRAM產業」，參見聯電提交給美國證券交易委員會的UMC Form 20-F, 2016, p. 27.
5 加入聯電：Paul Mozur, “Inside a Heist of American Chip Designs, as China Bids for Tech Power,” New York Times, June 22, 2018.
6 開始竊聽王永銘的電話、收集證據：同前.
7 在中國銷售26種產品：Yap, “Micron Barred from Selling Some Products in China.”
8 欺負落後國家的東西：https://www.storm.mg/article/1358975?mode=whole, tr. Wei-Ting Chen.
9 迅速死灰復燃：David E. Sanger and Steven Lee Meyers, “After a Hiatus, China Accelerates Cyberspying Efforts to Obtain U.S. Technology,” New York Times, November 29, 2018.
10 判決本身仍是祕密：Advanced Micro-Fabrication Equipment Inc., “AMEC Wins Injunction in Patent Infringement Dispute Involving Veeco Instruments (Shanghai) Co. Ltd.,” PR Newswire, December 8, 2017, https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/amec-wins-injunction-in-patent-infringement-dispute-involving-veeco-instruments-shanghai-co-ltd-300569295.html; Mark Cohen, “Semiconductor Patent Litigation Part 2: Nationalism, Transparency and Rule of Law,” China IPR, July 4, 2018, https://chinaipr.com/2018/07/04/semiconductor-patent-litigation-part-2-nationalism-transparency-and-rule-of-law/; “Veeco Instruments Inc., Plaintiff, against SGL Carbon, LLC, and SGL Group SE, Defendants,” United States District Court Eastern District of New York, https://chinaipr2.files.wordpress.com/2018/07/uscourts-nyed-1_17-cv-02217-0.pdf.
11 對晉華實施財務制裁：Kate O'Keeffe, “U.S. Adopts New Battle Plan to Fight China's Theft of Trade Secrets,” Wall Street Journal, November 12, 2018.
12 不會削弱美國對晉華的限制：訪問五位在華盛頓與東京的政府官員, 2019-2021.
13 我們幹嘛不這樣做？訪問前資深官員, 2021.
14 陷入停頓：James Politi, Emily Feng, and Kathrin Hille, “US Targets China Chipmaker over Security Concerns,” Financial Times, October 30, 2018.
1 他們什麼都知道：Dan Strumpf and Katy Stech Ferek, “U.S. Tightens Restrictions on Huawei's Access to Chips,” Wall Street Journal, August 17, 2020.
2 享用創新的成果：Turpin quoted in Elizabeth C. Economy, The World According to China (Wiley, 2021).
3 一切錯誤：訪問兩位川普政府的資深官員, 2021.
4 更好的問題：Peter Hartcher, Red Zone: China's Challenge and Australia's Future (Black Inc., 2021), pp. 18-19.
5 前公司高管：Alicja Ptak and Justyna Pawlak, “Polish Trial Begins in Huawei-Linked China Espionage Case,” Reuters, June 1, 2021.
6 悄悄實施了嚴格的限制：Mathieu Rosemain and Gwenaelle Barzic, “Exclusive: French Limits on Huawei 5G Equipment Amount to De Facto Ban by 2028,” Reuters, July 22, 2020.
7 可能面對的「後果」：Katrin Bennhold and Jack Ewing, “In Huawei Battle, China Threatens Germany ‘Where It Hurts': Automakers,” New York Times, January 16, 2020.
8 在網路安全運作上的缺陷：Gordon Corera, “Huawei ‘Failed to Improve UK Security Standards,’ ” BBC News, October 1, 2020.
9 袖手旁觀：Robert Hannigan, “Blanket Bans on Chinese Tech Companies like Huawei Make No Sense,” Financial Times, February 12, 2019.
10 美國對伊朗的制裁：Shayna Jacobs and Amanda Coletta, “Meng Wanzhou Can Return to China, Admits Helping Huawei Conceal Dealings in Iran,” Washington Post, September 24, 2021.
11 卻讓華為使用美國的設計：James Politi and Kiran Stacey, “US Escalates China Tensions with Tighter Huawei Controls,” Financial Times, May 15, 2020.
12 「武器化的互賴關係」（weaponized interdependence）：Henry Farrell and Abraham L. Newman, “Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion,” International Security 44, No. 1 (2019): 42-79.
13 加強對華為的限制：“Commerce Addresses Huawei's Efforts to Undermine Entity List, Restricts Products Designed and Produced with U.S. Technologies,” U.S. Department of Commerce, May 15, 2020, https:/2017-2021.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2020/05/commerce-addresses-huaweis-efforts-undermine-entity-list-restricts.html.
14 遵守法規的精神：Kathrin Hille and Kiran Stacey, “TSMC Falls into Line with US Export Controls on Huawei,” Financial Times, June 9, 2020.
15 拆分出去：“Huawei Said to Sell Key Server Division Due to U.S. Blacklisting,” Bloomberg, November 2, 2021.
16 無法獲得必要的晶片：Craig S. Smith, “How the Huawei Fight Is Changing the Face of 5G,” IEEE Spectrum, September 29, 2021.
17 已被拖延：Lauly Li and Kenji Kawase, “Huawei and ZTE Slow Down China 5G Rollout as US Curbs Start to Bite,” Nikkei Asia, August 19, 2020.
18 中國公司：Alexandra Alper, Toby Sterling, and Stephen Nellis, “Trump Administration Pressed Dutch Hard to Cancel China Chip-Equipment Sale: Sources,” Reuters, January 6, 2020.
19 列入黑名單：Industry and Security Bureau, “Addition of Entities to the Entity List and Revision of an Entry on the Entity List,” Federal Register, June 24, 2019, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/06/24/2019-13245/addition-of-entities-to-the-entity-list-and-revision-of-an-entry-on-the-entity-list.
20 飛騰也是如此：Ellen Nakashima and Gerry Shih, “China Builds Advanced Weapons Systems Using American Chip Technology,” Washington Post, April 9, 2021.
21 「不可靠的實體名單」：Zhong Shan, “MOFCOM Order No. 4 of 2020 on Provisions on the Unreliable Entity List,” Order of the Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China, September 19, 2020, http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/policyrelease/questions/202009/20200903002580.shtml.
22 美事一樁：訪問前資深美國官員, 2021.
1 招募人力：Cheng Ting-Fang and Lauly Li, “How China's Chip Industry Defied the Coronavirus Lockdown,” Nikkei Asia, March 18, 2020.
2 技術上的主導地位：Dan Wang, “China's Sputnik Moment?” Foreign Affairs, July 29, 2021.
3 「晶片沙皇」：“Xi Jinping Picks Top Lieutenant to Lead China's Chip Battle Against U.S.,” Bloomberg, June 16, 2021.
4 還有待觀察：新聞標題提到，中國準備斥資高達1.4兆美元以補貼技術。這類標題不該認真看待。中國已批准了名目價值約1.5兆億美元的產業「引導基金」，主要是由地方政府募集與使用。然而，這些資金並不完全集中在技術上；官方指導原則允許這些資金不僅用於「戰略性新興產業」，也用於基礎設施與社會住房。因此，就像中國的許多投資專案一樣，這筆錢中的一部分很可能最終只是用於補貼更多的房地產開發，而不是支持半導體業。Tianlei Huang, “Government-Guided Funds in China: Financing Vehicles for State Industrial Policy,” PIIE, June 17, 2019, https://www.piie.com/blogs/china-economic-watch/government-guided-funds-china-financing-vehicles-state-industrial-policy; Tang Ziyi and Xue Xiaoli, “Four Things to Know About China's $670 Billion Government Guidance Funds,” Caixin Global, February 25, 2020.
5 「沒經驗、沒技術、沒人才」：HSMC investigation by Qiu Xiaofen and Su Jianxun, Yang Xuan, ed., tr. Alexander Boyd, in Jordan Schneider, “Billion Dollar Heist: How Scammers Rode China's Chip Boom to Riches,” ChinaTalk, March 30, 2021, https://chinatalk.substack.com/p/billion-dollar-heist-how-scammers; Luo Guoping and Mo Yelin, “Wuhan's Troubled $18.5 Billion Chipmaking Project Isn't as Special as Local Officials Claimed,” Caixin Global, September 4, 2020.
6 造價3億美元：Toby Sterling, “Intel Orders ASML System for Well Over $340 mln in Quest for Chipmaking Edge,” Reuters, January 19, 2022.
7 從美國遷到瑞士：David Manners, “RISC-V Foundation Moves to Switzerland,” Electronics Weekly, November 26, 2019.
8 搶生意：Dylan Patel, “China Has Built the World's Most Expensive Silicon Carbide Fab, but Numbers Don't Add Up,” SemiAnalysis, September 30, 2021, https://semianalysis.com/china-has-built-the-worlds-most-expensive-silicon-carbide-fab-but-numbers-dont-add-up/.
9 2030年的24％：Varas et al., “Government Incentives and US Competitiveness in Semiconductor Manufacturing.”
10 實現中國夢：Cheng Ting-Fang and Lauly Li, “How China's Chip Industry Defied the Coronavirus Lockdown,” Nikkei Asia, March 18, 2020.
1 我們必須加油：“Remarks by President Biden at a Virtual CEO Summit on Semiconductor and Supply Chain Resilience,” The White House, April 12, 2021; Alex Fang and Yifan Yu, “US to Lead World Again, Biden Tells CEOs at Semiconductor Summit,” Nikkei Asia, April 13, 2021.
2 2100億美元的收入損失：AAPC Submission to the BIS Commerce Department Semiconductor Supply Chain Review, April 5, 2021; Michael Wayland, “Chip Shortage Expected to Cost Auto Industry $210 Billion in Revenue in 2021,” CNBC, September 23, 2021.
3 成長了13％：“Semiconductor Units Forecast to Exceed 1 Trillion Devices Again in 2021,” IC Insights, April 7, 2021, https://www.icinsights.com/news/bulletins/Semiconductor-Units-Forecast-To-Exceed-1-Trillion-Devices-Again-fn-2021/.
4 「與產業界、盟友、夥伴」合作：“Fact Sheet: Biden-Harris Administration Announces Supply Chain Disruptions Task Force,” June 8, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/06/08/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-supply-chain-disruptions-task-force-to-address-short-term-supply-chain-discontinuities/.
5 維持半導體強國的地位：Kotaro Hosokawa, “Samsung Turns South Korea Garrison City into Chipmaking Boom Town,” Nikkei Asia, June 20, 2021.
6 「經濟因素」：Jiyoung Sohn, “Samsung to Invest $205 Billion in Chip, Biotech Expansion,” Wall Street Journal, August 24, 2021; Song Jung-a and Edward White, “South Korean PM Backs Early Return to Work for Paroled Samsung Chief Lee Jae-yong,” Financial Times, August 30, 2021.
7 中國無錫的工廠：Stephen Nellis, Joyce Lee, and Toby Sterling, “Exclusive: U.S.-China Tech War Clouds SK Hynix's Plans for a Key Chip Factory,” Reuters, November 17, 2021.
8 更有競爭力：Brad W. Setser, “Shadow FX Intervention in Taiwan: Solving a 100+ Billion Dollar Enigma (Part 1),” Council on Foreign Relations, October 3, 2019.
9 讓歐洲的晶圓廠處於領先地位：“Speech by Commissioner Thierry Breton at Hannover Messe Digital Days,” European Commission, July 15, 2020.
10 合作設立一家新的晶片製造廠：Cheng Ting-Fang and Lauly Li, “TSMC Says It Will Build First Japan Chip Plant with Sony,” Nikkei Asia, November 9, 2021.
11 我們可以決定晶圓廠在哪裡：Christiaan Hetzner, “Intel CEO Says ‘Big, Honkin’ Fab’ Planned for Europe Will Be World's Most Advanced,” Fortune, September 10, 2021; Leo Kelion, “Intel Chief Pat Gelsinger: Too Many Chips Made in Asia,” BBC News, March 24, 2021.
1 你的客戶擔心嗎？“Edited Transcript: 2330.TW-Q2 2021 Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co Ltd Earnings Call,” Refinitiv, July 15, 2021, https://investor.tsmc.com/english/encrypt/$les/encrypt_file/reports/2021-10/44ec4960f6771366a2b992ace4ae47566d7206a6/TSMC%202Q21%20transcript.pdf
2 一邊發動砲擊：Liu Xuanzun, “PLA Holds Beach Assault Drills After US Military Aircraft's Taiwan Island Landing,” Global Times, July 18, 2021.
3 堅決捍衛國家主權與領土完整：Liu Xuanzun, “PLA Holds Drills in All Major Chinese Sea Areas Amid Consecutive US Military Provocations,” Global Times, July 20, 2021.
4 像切香腸一樣：Chris Dougherty, Jennie Matuschak, and Ripley Hunter, “The Poison Frog Strategy,” Center for a New American Security, October 26, 2021.
5 也會是一場硬戰：“Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China,” Annual Report to Congress, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 2020, p. 114.
6 中國軍事系統：Lonnie Henley, “PLA Operational Concepts and Centers of Gravity in a Taiwan Conflict,” testimony before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Hearing on Cross-Strait Deterrence, February 18, 2021.
7 「非和平方式」：Michael J. Green, “What Is the U.S. ‘One China’ Policy, and Why Does it Matter?” Center for Strategic and International Studies, January 13, 2017.
8 機台的生產面臨延誤：Debby Wu, “Chip Linchpin ASML Joins Carmakers Warning of Vicious Cycle,” Bloomberg, January 19, 2022.
9 破壞全球供應鏈：Tsai Ing-wen, “Taiwan and the Fight for Democracy,” Foreign Affairs, November-December 2021.
10 不可能（17％）：Sherry Hsiao, “Most Say Cross-Strait War Unlikely: Poll,” Taipei Times, October 21, 2020.
11 面臨痛苦的延遲：Ivan Cheberko, “Kosmicheskii Mashtab Importozameshcheniia,” Vedomosti, September 27, 2020.
12 外國的微電子：Jack Watling and Nick Reynolds, “Operation Z: The Death Throes of an Imperial Delusion,” Royal United Services Institute, April 22, 2022, pp. 10-12.
13 無導引的：Michael Simpson et al., “Road to Damascus: The Russian Air Campaign in Syria,” Rand Corporation, RR-A1170-1, 2022, p. 80.
14 兩百多個半導體：Rebecca Shabad, “Biden Emphasizes the Need to Keep Arming Ukraine in Tour of Alabama Weapons Plant,” CNBC, May 3, 2022.
15 某些類型的晶片：Sebastian Moss, “Intel and AMD Halt Chip Sales to Russia, TSMC Joins in on Sanctions,” Data Center Dynamics, February 28, 2022, https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/intel-and-amd-halt-chip-sales-to-russia-tsmc-joins-in-on-sanctions/.
16 部署在飛彈系統中：Jeanne Whalen, “Sanctions Forcing Russia to Use Appliance Parts in Military Gear,” Washington Post, May 11, 2022.
17 「我們必須把台積電搶到中國手裡」：“Top Economist Urges China to Seize TSMC if US Ramps Up Sanctions,” Bloomberg News, June 7, 2022.
18 導彈防禦系統：Keoni Everington, “China Expands Its 2 Air Force Bases Closest to Taiwan,” Taiwan News, March 8, 2021; Minnie Chan, “Upgrades for Chinese Military Airbases Facing Taiwan Hint at War Plans,” South China Morning Post, October 15, 2021; “Major Construction Underway at Three of China's Airbases Closest to Taiwan,” Drive, October 13, 2021.
1 都可以用半導體材料製造：Jack Kilby, “Invention of the Integrated Circuit,” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 23, No. 7 (July 1976): 650.
2 優秀工程師：Paul G. Gillespie, “Precision Guided Munitions: Constructing a Bomb More Potent Than the A-Bomb,” PhD dissertation, Lehigh University, p. 115. 根據沃德過世後可連上的LinkedIn頁面，他似乎1953年起在德儀工作，但我無法證實這點。
3 「家用電腦」：Gordon E. Moore, “Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits,” Electronics 38, No. 8 (April 19, 1965).
4 最終會超過人體細胞的數量：Dan Hutcheson, “Graphic: Transistor Production Has Reached Astronomical Scales,” IEEE Spectrum, April 2, 2015.
5 「我——要——去——賺——大——錢。」：Michael Malone, The Intel Trinity (Michael CoUins, 2014), p. 31.
6 摩爾定律已死：John Hennessy, “The End of Moore's Law and Faster General-Purpose Processors, and a New Path Forward,” National Science Foundation, CISE Distinguished Lecture, November 22, 2019, https://www.nsf.gov/events/event_summjsp?cntn_id=299531&org=NSF.
7 晶片業衝破了那個障礙：Andrey Ovsyannikov, “Update from Intel: Insights into Intel Innovations for HPC and AI,” Intel, September 26, 2019, https://www2.cisl.ucar.edu/sites/default/files/Ovsyannikov%20-%20MC9%20-%20Presentation%20Slides.pdf.
8 半導體科學家：Gordon E. Moore, “No Exponential Is Forever: But ‘Forever’ Can Be Delayed!” IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2003.
9 100倍電晶體數量：Hoeneisen and Mead, “Fundamental Limitations on Microelectronics,” pp. 819-829; Scotten Jones, “TSMC and Samsung 5nm Comparison,” SemiWiki, May 3, 2019, https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-manufacturers/samsung-foundry/8157-tsmc-and-samsung-5nm-comparison/.
10 密度提高50倍：“Jim Keller: Moore's Law Is Not Dead,” UC Berkeley EECS Events, YouTube Video, September 18, 2019, 22:00, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oIG9ztQw2Gc.
11 通用晶片：Neil C. Thompson and Svenja Spanuth, “The Decline of Computers as a General Purpose Technology: Why Deep Learning and the End of Moore's Law Are Fragmenting Computing,” working paper, MIT, November 2018, https://ide.mit.edu/wp-content/up10ads/2018/11/SSRN-id3287769.pdf.
12 比以往更容易了：“Heterogeneous Compute: The Paradigm Shift No One Is Talking About,” Fabricated Knowledge, February 19, 2020, https://www.fabricatedknowledge.com/p/heterogeneous-compute-the-paradigm.
13 也將塑造我們的未來：Kevin Xu, “Morris Chang's Last Speech,” Interconnected, September 12, 2021, https://interconnected.blog/morris-changs-last-speech/.